首都圏を構成する1都3県の人口は3240万人に達し、都市地域は県境を超えてとぎれることなく続き、道路や鉄道網は東京を中心として放射線状に結ばれている。このように、首都圏は東京を核とした経済圏、生活圏を構成している。青果物中央卸売市場は、東京都に9市場ともっとも多く、神奈川県に5市場、千葉県に2市場ある。地方卸売市場は、中央卸売市場が存在しない埼玉県にもっとも多い。主要卸売市場は、東京都心を中心として半径40kmの範囲内に分布している。小売業者は、都市の歴史が長い東京都に一般小売商が多く、一方、スーパーマーケットは、郊外である3県に多い。取引方式については、予約取引、予約相対取引、時間前販売などの予約型取引が中心となっていて、セリは地場出荷品などを対象として部分的なものとなっている。予約型取引が中心となっている理由は、産地の大型化やスーパーマーケットなど大型小売資本の進出を背景として、(1)高率で時間前販売が行われていて、セリ開始時刻に現物が少ない、(2)出荷に当たって大型出荷団体からの価格要請がなされる、(3)買い手側の小売企業への販売にあたって価格協議が行われている、(4)中小卸売市場においては、基幹的大市場で形成された建値を元にした販売を余儀なくされている、などである。予約型取引においては、事前に価格の協議が産地や小売側と行われることから、基幹的大市場が優位に立つ。現在、大産地の出荷品については、東京都中央卸売市場大田市場における価格形成を頂点としながら、他の卸売市場間に価格横並びの現象が見られる。物流については、東京都中央卸売市場の取扱数量の25%が首都圏3県に搬出されるほか、東北地方、北海道、中部地方など広範な地域にも搬出され、物流においても頂点に立っている。さらに、他市場への出荷品も基幹的大市場に荷下ろしして、そこから搬送する「気付出荷」が相当量存在し、大田市場がデポ拠点の中心的役割を果たしている。搬送費用は出荷を受ける卸売会社が負担し、経営を圧迫する要因となっている。卸売会社が仲介して、トラック1台分以上の取引が産地と買い手小売業との間に成立する場合には、品物は卸売市場を経由せず、直接に産地から買い手小売企業に納入する「商物分離」が取引量の1〜2割程度行われる状況となっている。このような取引・物流の状況変化により、変化に対応できる卸売市場(卸売会社)と、それが困難な卸売会社との間の格差が拡大し、一部卸売市場の拡大の下で、他の多くの卸売市場の集荷力が低下し、転送や気付集荷で対応することを余儀なくされている。利益率が低下し、経営内容の悪化を招来している傾向が見られる。大手卸売会社資本による卸売会社の系列化は必ずしも経営改善に結びつかないことから停滞していたが、異なる開設者間の卸売市場の卸売会社が本支社化するという新しい方式も登場しており、広範囲に同一卸売会社資本が支配関係を構築することに道が開かれた。結論として首都圏においては、大型小売資本の進出、大型産地の価格要請の強化を背景に、東京都中央卸売市場なかんずく大田市場を頂点とした取扱量の集中化が進行している。その過程で、予約型取引が増大しているが、これに対応困難な卸売会社の弱体化と再編は不可避であろう。

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The purpose of this article is to try to throw light on the problems in the construction of the distribution systems of Fruits and Vegetables that support agricultural production and a continuous supply in Osaka. To achieve this end, it is necessary to take notice of the regional distribution function that play an indispensable part in the existence and development of regional agriculture. This study has shown that working as a group strengthens ties with the producing regions. This serves the purpose of stabilizing the sales amount of fresh Fruits and Vegetables produced in that region as they are highly demanded by supermarkets, not only for the Local Wholesale Market, but also the Central Wholesale Market. This result has brought about the following agreed upon steps for encouraging regional production: 1) to introduce a recycled container for assembling fresh Fruits and Vegetables, 2) to assemble by way of the wholesaler gathering up the goods directly, for the purpose of improving the conditions of the farmer's shipment, 3) to adopt a contract for cultivation, along with promoting a comradely group, in spite of the fall of agricultural productivity in Osaka. These trends are the remarkable changes necessary for the reorganization of the sustainable distribution systems of Fruits and Vegetables in Osaka.

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アジアの経済成長に伴い、食肉消費が増大しているが、本論文は先進国、中進及び途上国を含めアジアにおける食肉の生産流通の現状と将来について分析考察したものである。本論文の目的は、食糧消費、とりわけ、食肉消化がどう伸びるか、また家畜頭数や食肉供給の現状と展望を明らかにすることである。そのため、各国にA4判53頁にわたる調査票を配布し、1970-1993年のデータを蒐集した。また、現状での所得の需要弾力性分析により2000年における食肉需給の展望を試みた。食糧供給は経済成長の進展と共に改善され、食糧不足は低成長諸国でみられる。家畜頭数は顕著に増大しているが、世界の他の地域に比べて食肉供給は飼養頭数に比べて少ない。このことは今後の実質的供給をどう行うかに懸っている。もし、現状で2000年まで推移するとすれば、多くの国で食肉輸入をしなければならなくなるだろう。これは1人当たり所得と消費の強い相関がみられるからである。とはいえ、食肉消費量は各国の所得水準、食肉嗜好、生産条件に依存するばかりでなく文化的、宗教的要因を強く影響を受けている。

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With the implementation of market policy reforms the circulation structure of vegetables has drastically changed in China. In many big cities vegetable supplies are shifting from unitary form controlled by state-operated vegetable companies to diversified circulation forms dominated by non-state enterprises, including private markets. In Beijing, 90% of the vegetable wholesale markets are invested by privates. This phenomenon has attracted the attention of many researchers. This paper mainly discusses the supply forms and price formation of vegetables in the two biggest and representative wholesale markets in Beijing, Dazhongsi and Xinfadi markets, hence revealing the development of vegetable markets of these cities. In Dazhongsi market, we found four factors which affect the average level of vegetable prices: production cost, transportation expenses, profits of suppliers, and taxes. In contrast in Xinfadi Market, located between suburb and downtown areas, vegetables are mainly supplied by small farmers from suburban areas. There are only two factors which determine the price level in this market: production cost and profits of the supplier. Thus, the vegetable price in this market is relatively lower than that in Dazhongsi Market.

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the structure of procurement of fresh foods by retail stores in South Osaka, where no central wholesale market has been established yet. In this study, the main stress falls on the finding of characteristics stemming from the store scale, and the form of stores as business enterprises. First of all, we divide South Osaka into two distribution areas: Senboku Wide Distribution Area around Sakai, and Sennan Wide Distribution Area around Kishiwada. The following results are obtained from analysis in each area: (1) The rate of procurement from the wholesale markets in the area is the highest in vegetables, the lowest in fishes, and fruits in the middle. (2) The larger the scale of sale is, the lower the rate of procurement from wholesale markets in the area is. (3) In comparing the rate by the enterprise form, the stores specializing in fresh foods have the highest share, the non-chain supermarkets come second and the chain supermarkets follow. The form that has the lowest share is the general merchandise stores, which use these wholesale markets only to procure the foods grown in the neighbourhood. (4) To the contrary of the South Osaka Markets, the larger the scale of sale is, the higher the rate of use of central wholesale markets established by Osaka city and prefecture. But this rate in supermarkets is higher than general merchandise stores, which mainly procure the foods without using wholesale markets. As a result, the increase of the share of chain supermarkets and general merchandise stores in the retail stage has made the wholesale markets in the area stagnated, in spite of a large growth in population.

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In Japan, the flowers and ornamental plant industry is one of the few growing agricultural industries. Especially the bedding plant sector has been growing rapidly. Based on the questionnaire data and interviews conducted mainly in the Kinki area, this paper aims to study the development of bedding plant districts, focusing on three issues: demand and supply, product circulation volume, and shipping. Demand for bedding plants, both for home and public use, is increasing. Consequently, their production rate is also rising. This is mainly due to the introduction of mass production technology and the establishment of a round-the-year production system which raised the production scale per manufacturer. In the Kinki area bedding plants handled by wholesale markets are at a 50% lower rate compared to cut flowers and pot flowers. Except for a few major wholesale markets, the dealing scales are generally small for bedding plants, with no established supply system which could help the producers cope with the great variety of the demands and with the variety in terms of desired quality by different customers. As a result, retailers get the products directly from wholesale stores while producers also establish their own distribution channels. Recently in large-scale wholesale stores, home-centers and garden-centers have increased their retail levels. This induces low prices on products and results in decreasing auction values at wholesale markets. About 80% of the Kinki area producers are dealing with wholesale markets and with other units of the available sales network. There are merits and demerits for each of the shipments, but most producers expect to sell at steady prices. To sell high-quality products for low prices, producers have to adopt correct production strategies responding to the customers' needs, and in the same time watch the balance between the existing capital and labor.

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Since the volume of imported meat has largely increased, it has brought a great influence on the Japanese meat market. There has been a great deal of research on the importing country's viewpoint of what kind of impact Japan is facing now. Of special note is the study of how Japanese meat wholesale markets and agri-cooperative associations are responding to imported meat. In fact, the structural reorganization is also progressing in the pork market of Taiwan. So the purpose of this study was to find out the changes of structure and function of meat wholesale market in the reorganization process of Taiwan's pork market, and also make the factors clear by doing a case study of the livestock wholesale market of Pingtong prefecture. The livestock wholesale market of Pingtong prefecture was reformed in 1990 and is now operated jointly by the local government and multiple agri-cooperative associations. In the same year, Taiwan became the greatest supplier of imported pork to Japan. Presently, Pingtong is the biggest hog-breeding area, there are also 13 pork packers in this area and 6 others in neighboring prefecture who are exporting pork to Japan. In order to expand the exporting trade, the major packers have advanced in the integrative management of this business and set up their own slaughterhouse. That is to say, packers make contracts with hog breeders or set up a hog yard as a daughter company. Consequently, the livestock wholesale market of Pingtong prefecture has been changed in its position and operation as follows: (1) The rate of total hog consignment from pig breeders is going down. (2) Copartners of the agri-cooperative associations whose breeding of pigs is stopping their consignment of pigs to the shipping cooperative organization of the associations. (3) The slaughterhouse of the livestock wholesale market is losing its business. (4) The recurring profit of the livestock wholesale market has fallen into deficit. Therefore, the livestock wholesale market is considering some measures to meet the situation, e.g. to pay a certain consignment bounty to hog breeders, hire the slaughterhouse out in off moments, to be a pork packer supplying dressed meat to the domestic market, etc.

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