Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is an established therapeutic strategy, with pulmonary vein isolation as the cornerstone of ablative therapy. Although radiofrequency and cryothermal energies have been the main energy sources, the past decade has witnessed remarkable scientific progress and growing interest in pulsed field ablation (PFA) as a novel energy modality, leading to the recent clinical adoption of PFA technologies for AF treatment. In Japan, PFA was introduced into clinical practice in 2024 and has been rapidly accepted. Unlike traditional thermal energies, PFA uses pulsed electric fields to induce irreversible electroporation, selectively targeting myocardial tissue while preserving adjacent structures from thermal or mechanical injury. Offering procedural efficacy comparable to conventional thermal ablation, PFA distinguishes itself by enabling shorter procedure times and reducing the risk of complications. This review summarizes the mechanisms of PFA, currently available systems in Japan, reported clinical outcomes and complications, as well as limitations and future perspectives.

Background: Postoperative declines in activities of daily living (ADL) are concerning in older adults undergoing cardiovascular surgeries. Sarcopenia represents a determinant of such adverse outcomes. We examined whether preoperative sarcopenia and its components predicted postoperative ADL decline in older patients who underwent elective cardiovascular surgeries.

Methods and Results: This retrospective cohort study included 589 patients aged ≥65 years who underwent elective coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve surgery, or thoracic aortic surgery. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. ADLs were assessed using the Barthel Index, with in-hospital ADL decline being defined as a ≥10-point reduction. Thirty-three (5.6%) patients had sarcopenia preoperatively. ADL decline was significantly higher in the patients with sarcopenia compared with those without (15.2% vs. 5.0%; P=0.014). Multivariable logistic regression analyses demonstrated that sarcopenia was independently associated with ADL decline (odds ratio 3.094; 95% confidence interval 1.067–8.968; P=0.038). Each sarcopenia component – low muscle mass, low muscle strength, and slow gait speed – was also independently associated with ADL decline (all P<0.050). Age-adjusted receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that sarcopenia demonstrated moderate discrimination for predicting postoperative ADL decline, with an area under the curve of 0.707.

Conclusions: Preoperative sarcopenia and its individual components independently predicted in-hospital ADL decline following cardiovascular surgery. Preoperative assessments may help identify high-risk patients.

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for calcified coronary lesions without stent implantation remains a challenging therapeutic strategy. The efficacy of drug-coated balloon (DCB) therapy in relation to specific calcified plaque morphologies has not been previously investigated.

Methods and Results: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 150 lesions (136 patients) who underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided PCI using DCB for angiographically moderate-to-severe calcified lesions. Based on the OCT findings, target lesions were categorized into 3 groups: superficial calcific sheet (SC) group; calcific protrusion (CP) group; and eruptive calcified nodule (eCN) group. Long-term clinical outcomes, including clinically driven target lesion revascularization (CD-TLR), myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac death, and the composite endpoint of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), were assessed over a median follow up of 2.6 years. No significant differences in rates of CD-TLR, MI, cardiac death, or MACE were observed between the SC and CP groups. In contrast, the eCN group showed significantly higher incidences of MI (P<0.01 vs. SC; P<0.05 vs. CP), cardiac death (P<0.01 vs. SC and CP), and MACE (P<0.01 vs. SC and CP) compared with the other 2 groups.

Conclusions: In moderate-to-severe calcified lesions where adequate vessel preparation was achieved, DCB therapy was associated with favorable outcomes in lesions with SC or CP morphologies. In contrast, lesions involving eCN were linked to significantly worse clinical outcomes.

Background: In patients at high bleeding risk (HBR), short dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces bleeding without increasing ischemic events. However, the sex-based differences in the effects of short DAPT strategy followed by prasugrel monotherapy compared with conventional DAPT strategy remain unclear.

Methods and Results: The 24-month outcomes from 2 multicenter, non-interventional, prospective registries, PENDULUM mono (n=872; short DAPT strategy followed by prasugrel monotherapy) and an HBR subset of the PENDULUM registry (n=1,553; conventional DAPT strategy), were analyzed using the inverse probability of treatment weighting method. Primary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and clinically relevant bleeding (CRB: Bleeding Academic Research Consortium [BARC] types 2, 3, and 5). In women, short DAPT strategy was associated with numerically lower rates of MACCE (8.2% vs. 12.3%; hazard ratio [HR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42–1.20; P=0.197) and CRB (4.7% vs. 7.0%; HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.35–1.32; P=0.258). In men, similar trends were observed for MACCE (8.8% vs. 11.0%; HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.62–1.21; P=0.388) and CRB (7.0% vs. 8.1%; HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.60–1.26; P=0.460). No significant interaction between treatment and sex was found for MACCE (P=0.599) or CRB (P=0.537).

Conclusions: In HBR patients undergoing PCI, a short DAPT strategy followed by prasugrel monotherapy had numerically fewer ischemic and bleeding events than conventional DAPT strategy, without evidence of sex-based heterogeneity.

Background: Drug-coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty has shown short-term feasibility for large-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD; ≥3 mm); however, long-term outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the 5-year cardiovascular outcomes of DCB angioplasty vs. drug-eluting stents (DES) for de novo large-vessel CAD.

Methods and Results: This single-center retrospective study analyzed patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with either DCB (SeQuent Please) or DES (Xience Alpine) between January 2016 and December 2018. The primary outcomes were cardiovascular events (CVE), defined as a composite of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization (TLR). Secondary outcomes included minimal lumen diameter (MLD), diameter stenosis (DS), and late lumen loss (LLL), assessed at the index PCI and at the 1-year angiographic follow up. Overall, 114 patients (122 lesions) in the DCB group and 269 patients (293 lesions) in the DES group were analyzed, with similar median follow-up durations (1,678 vs. 1,825 days; P=0.687). At 5 years, TLR and CVE rates were comparable between the DCB and DES groups (7.9% vs. 4.5%, P=0.239; and 11.4% vs. 10.4%, P=0.773, respectively). No significant differences in MLD, DS, or LLL were observed between the groups at the 1-year follow up.

Conclusions: With careful lesion selection and preparation, DCB angioplasty could serve as a feasible treatment option for de novo large-vessel CAD in clinical practice.

Background: Data on the clinical outcomes and hemodynamic performance of the smallest commercially available bioprostheses (19 mm) in Japan for aortic valve replacement (AVR) remain limited.

Methods and Results: We analyzed the data of 187 adults (median age, 76 [interquartile range (IQR): 73–80] years; 165 women [88%]; median follow-up, 65 [IQR: 32–95] months) with symptomatic aortic valve stenosis, regurgitation, and valve deterioration who underwent surgical AVR between January 2015 and July 2024 with the Avalus (n=7), Magna (n=77), Epic (n=26), Inspiris (n=58), or Mosaic (n=27) bioprosthesis because of having small aortic annuli. The primary and secondary endpoints were all-cause death and major adverse cardiac events, respectively. Moderate-to-severe prosthesis-patient mismatch occurred in 53 patients (28%). The overall survival rates (95% confidence interval [CI]) at 1, 3, and 5 years after valve replacement were 93.0% (88.3–95.9%), 87.0% (81.0–91.2%), and 85.7% (79.5–90.1%), respectively. The rates of freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (95% CI) at 1, 3, and 5 years were 96.2% (92.1–98.2%), 90.2(84.5–93.9%), and 88.7(82.5–92.7%), respectively. Four patients required re-intervention (3, re-AVR and 1, medication). No significant differences were observed in either outcomes or hemodynamics among the different aortic bioprostheses.

Conclusions: Surgical replacement with 19-mm third-generation aortic valve bioprostheses for small aortic annuli is feasible with favorable early and mid-term hemodynamics.

Background: The clinical differences between intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) and a microaxial flow pump (Impella) for left ventricular (LV) unloading in patients with fulminant myocarditis (FM) supported with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) remain unclear.

Methods and Results: In this single-center, retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 27 consecutive patients with lymphocytic FM who received VA-ECMO support. Patients were stratified by the LV unloading device that was used: IABP (n=15); or Impella (n=12). The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or implantation of an extracorporeal ventricular assist device (exVAD) within 30 days of VA-ECMO initiation. Temporal changes in laboratory and hemodynamic parameters during the first 7 days of support were also assessed. Baseline characteristics, including LV ejection fraction (IABP 16% vs. Impella 18%; P=0.814) and QRS duration (139 vs. 105 ms; P=0.805), were comparable between groups. Nine patients met the primary endpoint (mortality [n=7]; exVAD implantation [n=2]). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significantly lower incidence of the primary endpoint in the Impella group (log-rank P=0.018). The Impella group also showed a significantly greater improvement in cardiac power output (group×time interaction, P=0.040). Hemolysis, elevated total bilirubin, and increased serum creatinine were more pronounced in the Impella group.

Conclusions: In patients with FM requiring VA-ECMO, LV unloading with Impella was associated with improved short-term clinical outcomes compared with IABP.

Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening condition with high mortality. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted healthcare systems, potentially affecting IE management and outcomes. However, its impact in Japan remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on in-hospital mortality and the rate of valve surgery among patients with IE in Japan.

Methods and Results: We conducted a retrospective analysis using the Japanese registry of all Cardiac and Vascular Diseases Diagnostic Procedure Combination (JROAD-DPC) nationwide database, including 19,077 adult patients hospitalized with IE between April 2016 and March 2022. The study period was divided into pre-COVID-19 (n=12,419) and post-COVID-19 (n=6,658) periods. Patient baseline characteristics were well-balanced after 1 : 1 propensity score matching (6,652 pairs). Before matching, crude total in-hospital mortality was higher in the post-COVID-19 period (15.7% vs. 13.9%; P<0.001). However, after matching, there were no significant differences in total in-hospital mortality (15.7% vs. 15.3%, P=0.60). The rate of valve surgery did not differ significantly between the groups after matching (26.4% vs. 25.5%; P=0.22). The incidence of stroke was higher in the post-COVID-19 period (8.3% vs. 7.3%; P=0.049).

Conclusions: This nationwide study showed that risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality in patients with IE was not different during the COVID-19 pandemic, although unadjusted mortality was higher in the post-COVID-19 period in Japan.

Background: The early detection and treatment of cancer have led to an aging population of cancer survivors, and mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases are increasing. The incidence of heart failure (HF) after treatment with paclitaxel (PTX), a microtubule polymerization promoter and cardiotoxic anticancer agent, is low and the risk factors for post-PTX HF remain unclear. A history of heart disease has been suggested as a potential cardiovascular risk factor in cancer survivors. Using the JMDC database of real-world medical data in Japan, we investigated whether heart and lifestyle-related diseases affect the onset of HF after PTX treatment.

Methods and Results: Patients who underwent PTX treatment were identified in the JMDC database, and the occurrence of HF was determined to analyze associations between heart- and lifestyle-related diseases and the occurrence of HF after PTX administration. Of the patients who received PTX, 17.7% developed HF. The results of multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis indicated that comorbidities such as ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, and hypertension were associated with the onset of HF in patients receiving PTX.

Conclusions: Although the incidence of HF after PTX administration is not high, patients with specific medical histories or comorbidities may be at increased risk, and careful monitoring is warranted to detect potential cardiovascular complications.

Background: The residential environment may influence access to care and prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). Evidence on the impact of geographic factors in Japan is limited. We investigated the association of home‐to‐hospital distance and residential population density with 1‐year clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF.

Methods and Results: We used the Kyoto Congestive Heart Failure registry to analyze 3,616 patients who were discharged alive after their first hospitalization. Home‐to‐hospital distance was calculated using road travel distance and dichotomized by the median (8.0 km). Residential density was classified as urban (densely inhabited districts [DID]) or suburban (non-DID). The primary outcome was all‐cause death at 1 year, assessed using hospital‐stratified Cox proportional hazards models. The median home‐to‐hospital distance was 8.0 km (interquartile range 4.1–14.5 km); 1,797 (49.7%) patients were in the long‐distance group. The long‐distance group had a higher risk of all‐cause death than the short‐distance group (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02, 1.39; P=0.02). As a continuous variable, each doubling of distance was associated with increased all‐cause death (HR 1.06; 95% CI 1.02, 1.10). Suburban residence was not significantly associated with the primary outcome compared with urban residence (adjusted HR 1.18; 95% CI 0.99, 1.44; P=0.06).

Conclusions: In Japanese patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF, longer home-to-hospital distance, but not residential population density, was associated with a higher risk of 1-year all-cause death.

Background: Renal dysfunction (RD) is common at admission for acute heart failure (AHF), but there is limited evidence focusing on older adults and considering the influence of physical function. We evaluated the prognostic significance of admission RD severity as a risk factor for adverse outcomes in older patients with AHF, while considering the potential modifying effect of physical function.

Methods and Results: This multicenter prospective cohort study enrolled 710 patients aged ≥65 years with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m². Admission RD was stratified into 4 severity classes: mild RD (eGFR 45–59), moderate RD (eGFR 30–44), severe RD (eGFR 15–29), and kidney failure (eGFR <15). The primary outcome was a composite of HF readmission and all-cause death within 1 year post-discharge. Subgroup analyses assessed potential effect modification by physical function and other variables. After multivariable adjustment, severe RD or kidney failure was significantly associated with a higher risk of the composite outcome compared with mild RD (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.529; 95% confidence interval: 1.005–2.326). A possible interaction was observed between moderate RD and the Short Physical Performance Battery score at discharge (P for interaction=0.093).

Conclusions: Severe RD or kidney failure at admission independently predicted 1-year HF readmission and all-cause death. In moderate RD, physical function may modify RD prognostic impact.

Background: Drug-coated balloon (DCB) is a novel treatment option for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The presence of heart failure (HF) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with a poor prognosis. However, the clinical significance of DCB-based PCI in CAD patients with HF is unknown.

Methods and Results: This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort study from a prospective, single center registry from 2015 to 2024. We enrolled 258 CAD patients with chronic HF who underwent PCI with DCB or in combination with a drug-eluting stent (DES). Propensity score matching analysis was performed between the DCB-based PCI and DES-only PCI groups. The primary endpoint of this study was all-cause mortality. Baseline clinical characteristics were comparable between the groups. The total DES number and length were significantly reduced in patients with DCB-based PCI than in those with DES-only PCI. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the DCB-based PCI group had a significantly lower rate of all-cause mortality compared with the DES-only group (log-rank test, P=0.04).

Conclusions: In CAD patients with chronic HF, DCB-based PCI was associated with a lower risk of mortality compared with DES-only PCI.

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with a high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, data on specific risk factors for VTE in patients with advanced NSCLC remain limited.

Methods and Results: Using a Japanese nationwide administrative database, we analyzed 20,206 patients aged ≥18 years with advanced NSCLC who received first-line chemotherapy between January 2016 and January 2023. VTE events were identified through International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes and imaging studies. Risk factors were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates. The cumulative incidence of VTE was 4.2% and 6.1% at 365 and 730 days after the first date of chemotherapy for NSCLC, respectively. Several significant risk factors for VTE were identified, including female sex (hazard ratio [HR] 1.374; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.157–1.631), higher body mass index (HR 1.029 per 1-kg/m²increase; 95% CI 1.009–1.048), previous VTE (HR 2.707; 95% CI 1.907–3.843), platinum-based chemotherapy (HR 1.217; 95% CI 1.051–1.410), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent (HR 1.763; 95% CI 1.458–2.132), heart failure (HR 1.677; 95% CI 1.432–1.965), and stroke/transient ischemic attack (HR 1.296; 95% CI 1.055–1.593).

Conclusions: This large-scale study identified several significant risk factors for VTE in patients with advanced NSCLC. The findings suggest the need for risk-stratified monitoring and prophylactic strategies to reduce VTE-related complications in high-risk patients.

Background: The impact of coexisting malnutrition and sarcopenia on survival after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has not been fully studied.

Methods and Results: Among 513 consecutive patients undergoing TAVR between February 2014 and June 2023, 340 with available preoperative Geriatric after Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) data were categorized into 4 groups based on malnutrition (GNRI <98) and sarcopenia (SPPB ≤9) status: malnutrition and sarcopenia (N=98); malnutrition without sarcopenia (N=69); no malnutrition with sarcopenia (N=83); neither malnutrition nor sarcopenia (N=90, reference). The primary outcome measure was all-cause death. Patients with both malnutrition and sarcopenia were older and had a higher prevalence of anemia compared with the reference group. The cumulative 5-year mortality rate was significantly higher in this group. After adjusting for confounders, coexistence of malnutrition and sarcopenia had a significantly higher risk for all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR] 3.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68–5.89; P<0.001). In contrast, malnutrition without sarcopenia (HR 1.36; 95% CI 0.64–2.90; P=0.42) and no malnutrition with sarcopenia (HR 1.86; 95% CI 0.92–3.79; P=0.08) were not associated with increased mortality.

Conclusions: The coexistence of malnutrition and sarcopenia significantly increased mortality risk after TAVR, which highlights the importance of integrating both nutritional and sarcopenia assessments into preoperative risk stratification to optimize outcomes in patients undergoing TAVR.

Background: Trans-subclavian access transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), typically from the left side, is feasible. However, right subclavian artery access is technically challenging because of the anatomical orientation, resulting in malalignment of the transcatheter heart valve within the aortic annular plane.

Methods and Results: We aimed to evaluate procedural outcomes, device–annulus alignment, and clinical efficacy of right trans-subclavian (RtTS) TAVI. Of a consecutive 423 patients who underwent TAVI, 32 cases performed via right and left subclavian access were analyzed. Implanted device depth and angle were analyzed angiographically. The device–annulus angle was measured angiographically. Fifteen of 22 patients were treated with a balloon-expandable valve, and 7 patients received a self-expanding valve, via RtTS. Procedural success was achieved in all cases. Compared with femoral and left subclavian approaches, RtTS led to a significantly larger device–annulus angle (6.0° vs. 8.7°; P<0.05), with deep left coronary cusp implantation (2.4 vs. 4.4 mm; P=0.05). Post-procedural transcatheter heart valve function was comparable across the groups, and no patients had greater than moderate paravalvular leakage. However, the incidence of symptomatic stroke occurred in 2 patients in the RtTS group (9.1%; P=0.21).

Conclusions: RtTS TAVI is a feasible alternative access route, with comparable procedural and clinical outcomes to those of conventional approaches, albeit with a higher risk of stroke.

Background: The clinical impact of left QRS axis deviation (LAD) during new-onset left bundle branch block (LBBB) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) remains unclear.

Methods and Results: This single-center retrospective study analyzed 254 patients who developed new-onset LBBB during hospitalization after TAVR. Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes were compared between patients with LBBB and LAD (LBBB_LAD) and those with LBBB and a normal QRS axis (LBBB_NA). 96 patients (38%) had LBBB_LAD, defined as a QRS axis <−30°. A more leftward preprocedural QRS axis independently predicted LBBB_LAD(odds ratio 1.20 per 10° decrement; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.33; P<0.01). At 3 years, there were no significant differences between groups in all-cause death (28% vs. 19%; P=0.14), cardiovascular death (6% vs. 5%; P=0.73), or heart failure rehospitalization (18% vs. 10%; P=0.07). However, LBBB_LADwas associated with a higher incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) for atrioventricular conduction disorder (16% vs. 6%; P=0.02) and remained an independent predictor of PPI (Cox hazard ratio 2.46; 95% CI 1.06–5.73; P=0.04). Echocardiographic measures, including left ventricular ejection fraction, chamber size, and mitral regurgitation severity showed no significant longitudinal differences between groups.

Conclusions: Compared to post-TAVR LBBB_NA, post-TAVR LBBB_LADis associated with an increased need for PPI, but not with adverse mortality or heart failure outcomes at 3-year follow-up. Closer and extended rhythm monitoring may be warranted in this subgroup.

Background: The associations between symptom characteristics and patients’ interpretations and sources of knowledge about acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains unclear.

Methods and Results: We enrolled 81 patients with ACS. Patients who misinterpreted their symptoms more frequently reported atypical features such as tenderness (13.3% vs 0%; P=0.028) and syncope (11.8% vs 0%; P=0.011). Common knowledge sources among patients who correctly interpreted their symptoms included television, healthcare professionals, and the internet without social media.

Conclusions: Patients experiencing atypical symptoms often misinterpret them. Most knowledge sources for those who interpreted correctly were traditional.

Background: Dynapenia is characterized by normal muscle mass with low muscle function, but its response to cardiac rehabilitation is not fully understood, so we aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics of cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients with dynapenia and evaluate the effects of a 3month outpatient physical therapy program.

Methods and Results: Data from 62 CVD patients who completed the outpatient physical therapy program were analyzed; 12 (19.4%) met the diagnostic criteria for dynapenia. After 3 months, short Physical Performance Battery scores increased from 10.4±1.3 to 11.2±1.9, knee extension strength from 0.43±0.19 to 0.46±0.19 kgf/kg, and Mini Nutritional Assessment®︎ scores from 22.4±3.2 to 25.5±2.8 (all P<0.05).

Conclusions: Outpatient physical therapy may improve physical function, muscle strength, and nutritional status in CVD patients with dynapenia.

Background: The prognosis of acute myocarditis (AM) is difficult to predict due to its variable presentation. We investigated the prognosticators of AM patients requiring hospitalization.

Methods and Results: We conducted a multicenter observational study including 80 hospitalized AM patients. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, heart transplantation, and implantation of ventricular assist devices during the index hospitalization. Thirteen (16%) patients reached the endpoint. Longer QRS duration at admission independently predicted adverse outcomes, with an optimal cut-off of 130 ms.

Conclusions: Prolonged QRS duration at admission might predict in-hospital prognosis in AM patients regardless of whether or not it was fulminant.

Background: Age-specific differences in the association between sleep duration and atrial fibrillation (AF) remain uncertain.

Methods and Results: Using the estimated sleep duration derived from accelerometer data embedded in the Holter-electrocardiogram, association between sleep duration and AF was explored among individuals in their 50 s (working-age) and 70s (retirement-age). In the overall population, AF risk decreased with longer sleep, but the benefit diminished with excessively long sleep (P=0.03). Also, consistent risk reduction with increasing sleep was observed in the 50s age group (P=0.02), but not in the 70s.

Conclusions: Inadequate sleep may be associated with AF, particularly, among middle-aged individuals.

Background: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac surgery requires prompt intervention. We compared landiolol with verapamil for POAF treatment.

Methods and Results: This randomized trial enrolled 179 patients; 45 developed POAF. Landiolol achieved higher sinus rhythm conversion at 8 h (73.3% vs 16.7%; P=0.0016), but not at 12 h. No differences were observed in recurrence, adverse events, or intensive care unit stay.

Conclusions: Landiolol facilitates earlier rhythm conversion without clear short-term clinical benefit.

Background: Day-to-day home blood pressure variability (BPV) is associated with cardiovascular risk and influenced by environmental conditions. However, it is unclear whether short-term increases in day-to-day BPV can be predicted from personal sensor data. In this study, our aim is to develop and validate a machine-learning prediction model for short-term increases in day-to-day BPV using personal sensor data on behavioral and environmental exposure.

Methods and Results: We will conduct a 30-day monitoring study in community-dwelling adults. Participants will measure home BP twice daily, while a portable sensor and an activity tracker record environmental conditions and physical activity. The primary outcome is an episode of increased systolic day-to-day BPV, defined as a rolling 5-day coefficient of variation ≥11.0%. Candidate predictors will be derived from the preceding 5-day exposure window. We will construct window-level data, allocate participants to training and test sets, and train machine-learning models with participant-level cross-validation. We will evaluate performance using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration, Brier score, and decision-curve analysis, and interpret the XGBoost model with Shapley additive explanations to quantify the predictor contributions.

Conclusions: This protocol outlines a framework for predicting short-term increases in day-to-day BPV from personally experienced environmental exposure and behaviors, supporting future personalized interventions targeting modifiable environmental and behavioral factors.