ENGLISH LINGUISTICS

PHONOLOGY OF ENGLISH VOWEL LENGTHENING

AKIKO MATSUMORI

1987 Volume 4 Pages 1-16
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.1

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Based on a non-linear framework of phonology, this article claims that English Vowel Lengthening is due to the reshaping of syllable structures which result from the affixation of certain types of suffixes. The paper also seeks to establish a general principle that governs different types of English Vowel Lengthening that have hitherto been considered distinct processes. Introducing the idea of Rime-Onset Alternation Principle, it is shown that vowel lengthening originates from the violation of the wellformedness condition of the syllable sequences.

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STRICT CYCLICITY AND ENGLISH VOWEL SHORTENING

ITSUE KAWAGOE

1987 Volume 4 Pages 17-37
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.17

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This paper argues that English vowel shortening is a process that applies when a long vowel can be posited in a closed syllable. We assume that this simple generalization is made obscure morpheme-internally by aberrant word-final consonant clusters and across morpheme boundaries by a stress pattern relic where the derived forms have been carried over from their basic forms. Introducing an extrasyllabic unit and a stress-sensitive syllable reconstruction process, we propose that English vowel shortening rules be regarded as one syllabic structure reconstructing process. Since the above process applies both within and across morpheme boundaries, we claim that the constraint of Strict Cyclicity should be modified in line with Halle & Mohanan (1985).

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ON ORDERING PARADOXES IN MORPHOLOGY

SATOSHI OHTA

1987 Volume 4 Pages 38-54
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.38

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The so-called Level Ordering Hypothesis is one of the most important theoretical claims to account for the well-formedness of a complex word. There is, however, a range of cases where the morphological structural relation of existing words conflicts with the hypothesis. Various attempts have been made to explain such ordering paradoxes. However, they suffer from serious difficulties. In this paper, espousing the notion level-ordered morphology, I will propose a new word formation system where complex words derived or compounded at a certain level can be returned to the earlier levels with conventions.

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ADJUNCTS AND THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF VP

KEN-ICHI TAKAMI

1987 Volume 4 Pages 55-72
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.55

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This paper attempts to make clear that there are two distinct types of adjuncts, which we call central and peripheral adjuncts. This proposal leads us to claim that there are three distinct levels of verb phrases, with one level for (adverbial) complements being added, and we call these three levels V¹, V², and V³.
Furthermore, we point out that the two-level hypothesis for VP generally assumed in the recent framework of X-bar theory fails to capture in a consistent and convincing manner the differences which we observe in this paper.

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TWO TYPES OF RESULTATIVE CONSTRUCTION

YOSHIHIRO YAMADA

1987 Volume 4 Pages 73-90
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.73

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This ariticle investigates some properties of resultative constructions. Two types of resultative construction will be distinguished on both theoretical and empirical grounds; that is, a True Resultative Construction (I painted the wall red) and a Fake Resultative Construction (He danced himself tired). It will be claimed that the latter, but not the former, involves a small clause complement. I will show that the structural difference between these constructions follows from the interaction of the various principles of UG, given the lexical structure of a verb. It will be also argued that the present analysis has a consequence for Burzio's generalization.

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RESULTATIVE ATTRIBUTES AND GB PRINCIPLES

HIROAKI SATO

1987 Volume 4 Pages 91-106
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.91

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In this article, we will classify resultative constructions into five types, arguing especially that one of the types represented by Bill laughed himself sick is semantically distinguished from another The audience laughed the actors off the stage according to the kinds of theta-roles assigned to the object NPs by the verb laughed. Showing that their semantic distinction reflects the difference of their syntactic structures, we will propose a set of lexical rules which, with the interaction of several GB principles, account for the distinctions and other properties of resultative constructions.

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DOUBLE-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS AND ARGUMENT ATTRACTION

TAKERU SUZUKI

1987 Volume 4 Pages 107-125
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.107

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This article discusses three related constructions: to-infinitives following go, come and the like, a small set of motion verbs, coordinate structures in which the left verb is the same member, and double-verb structures in which the left verb is the same member. It argues that the first structure is a kind of complement of the main verb, and claims, within the framework of the ‘extension theory’ proposed by Kajita 1977, that the latter two structures are generated through the ‘rule extension’ on the model of the first one. It is argued that the analysis explains the so-called bare stem condition and other properties of the latter two structures, and we see that it has further consequences.

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STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

HIROSHI HASEGAWA

1987 Volume 4 Pages 126-143
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.126

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This paper is an attempt to shed some light on problems concerning the syntax and semantics of comparative constructions. First, we study the syntactic properties of comparative and subdeletion constructions. We examine the constituent structure of these constructions by applying various syntactic tests, and show that these constructions vary in their constituent structure. Then we deal with the structure and derivation of so-called‘phrasal comparatives’. We also argue that there is certain correspondence between the syntactic structure and the logical structure of comparative constructions. We suggest that their syntactic structure is determined according to their logical structure.

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ON NP-ING CONSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH

MAKOTO YAMADA

1987 Volume 4 Pages 144-164
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.144

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In English, there are a lot of constructions making use of the morpheme -ing, e.g., “gerunds”, present participial constructions, and “gerundive relatives”. This paper tries to present a comprehensive analysis of these NP-ing constructions. Our claim is that -ing has unspecified feature value, which apparently gives rise to two distinct -ings: nominal -ing and INFL -ing. On the basis of this distinction, it will be shown that there are theoretically five subtypes of NP-ing constructions. Our analysis is a superior one, not only for its coverage of data, but in that it relies on no ad hoc stipulations concerning the principles in UG, but reduces the peculiarities of NP-ing constructions to the lexical idiosyncrasies of -ing.

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GENERALIZED BINDING THEORY AND THE BEHAVIOR OF ANAPHORS IN GERUNDS

JUN ABE

1987 Volume 4 Pages 165-185
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.165

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In this article we analize the behavior of anaphors in gerunds on the basis of Aoun's 1985, 1986 Generalized Binding Theory with a number of revisions. This theory's central idea is that variables are like reflexives or reciprocals in that they are anaphors and need to be bound by their antecedents in a local domain. We will show how reciprocals and variables behave alike with respect to binding relation in gerunds. Another point is that our theory, unlike Aoun's, assumes that relevant to a binding category is not a governor but a Case-marking domain; this assumption allows us to explain all relevant data.

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GOVERNMENT OF PRO, BY PRO, FOR PRO

KATSUNORI FUKUYASU

1987 Volume 4 Pages 186-200
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.186

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In this paper, I argue that the theorem that PRO is ungoverned is generalized to the zero-level category N. I propose a condition on government and try to establish an ideal notion of government for PRO, and argue that this notion of government accounts for the marginal but significant phenomenon found in English as well as in Japanese.

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CONSTRAINTS ON WH-MOVEMENT

HAJIME IKAWA

1987 Volume 4 Pages 201-220
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.201

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This paper is an attempt to show that wh-words can be divided into two kinds. One is an NP wh-word, and the other is a non-NP wh-word. The former leaves a trace, and its distribution is constrained by the binding theory, while the latter does not leave a trace, and its distribution is constrained by a mechanism other than the binding theory. In this paper, I will show that the binding theory is superior to ECP in constraining the distribution of an NP wh-word and investigate the constraint on the distribution of a non-NP wh-word.

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A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF TOPICALIZED SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

NAOHIRO TAKIZAWA

1987 Volume 4 Pages 221-237
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.221

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This paper is an attempt to analyse the topic-topicalized (TT) construction in English, in comparison with the focus-topicalized (FT) and the left-dislocated (LD) constructions. Its goal is to uncover some characteristics peculiar to TT sentences, mainly from a functional standpoint, and to determine what it is that makes TT sentences felicitous in a particular context. Specifically, I will devote each section to the considerations on the NP-, the sentence-, and the discourse-levels, respectively, and stipulate requirements on each level which have to be satisfied for TT to be properly employed in natural discourse.

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GAPPING AND PERIPHERAL DELETIONS

NAOSHI KOIZUMI

1987 Volume 4 Pages 238-253
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.238

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Gapping is a rule which has received much attention from the earliest work in transformational-generative grammar, but which has still not been formulated exactly. In this paper, I will propose a new analysis of Gapping, showing that the failure of previous analyses in formulating such a rule is due to the fact that they have proceeded from the wrong premises that Gapping is responsible for all sorts of examples in which clause-internal gaps appear, and that it needs to be characterized on the basis of all the elements within a clause.

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ON Γ-ASSIGNMENT IN LF

YUKIO OBA

1987 Volume 4 Pages 254-272
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.254

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The ECP has a curious conjunctive condition; a trace must be either lexically governed or antecedent-governed. However, it seems that given the theory of Barriers proposed by Chomsky 1986a, the requirement of lexical government can not only be reduced to the one of antecedent government, but is also insufficient to account for the distributional properties of traces created by LF wh-movement rule. Consequently, the ECP has only the requirement of antecedent government. But as this simplified ECP raises other problems, a principle of γ-assignment is proposed to solve them. Moreover, it is also pointed out that this principle can resolve the problems left unsettled by the previous analyses concerning the ECP.

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QUANTIFIER SCOPE AND EVENT

NOBUHIRO KAGA

1987 Volume 4 Pages 273-293
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.273

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This article points out a number of problems with the traditional theory of quantifiers and, to solve them, proposes an alternative theory, called the Event Theory, in which the notion‘quantifier scope’is re-defined from the viewpoint of‘event.’It is shown that this proposed theory not only resolves difficulties with the traditional theory but also enables us to account for recalcitrant problems concerning each-a asymmetry and donkey-sentences. Finally a new type of LF representation is proposed which allows us to state clearly the number of events involved.

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A UNIFIED SEMANTICS OF PERCEPTUAL AND ASPECTUAL VERB COMPLEMENTATION

SHIGEYUKI FUJIMOTO

1987 Volume 4 Pages 294-310
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.294

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Some verbs can take as their complement either to-infinitive or -ing participle. Among those verbs are aspectual verbs like start, begin, continue and cease. These verbs, however, cannot always take the two types of complements. Then we assume that there is a semantic difference between the two types of aspectual verb complements themselves and that the analysis of the difference will provide a semantic solution to the problem of the complement selection of predicates. The present paper concerns itself with the two types of aspectual verb complements which can be distinguished on the analogy of the aspectual distinction of perception verb complements.

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ON THE INITIAL LOCUS OF SYNTACTIC CHANGE: VERBAL GERUND AND ITS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

OSAMU KOMA

1987 Volume 4 Pages 311-324
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.311

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Various attempts have been made to describe the historical development of English gerundive constructions. It seems to me, however, that they have left at least two problems unexplored: first, the external structure of gerunds, and second, the semantics of those present participles which traditional grammarians regarded as a main factor leading to the development of the gerundive construction. On the basis of my investigation of Paston Letters of the fifteenth century, I will claim that the early stage of this development was sensitive to the external environments of the construction. Moreover, I will, from the semantic point of view, substantiate the traditional account that gerunds acquired some verbal properties from present participles.

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EVIDENCE AGAINST A GRID-ONLY APPROACH TO STRESS ASSIGNMENT

WAYNE P. LAWRENCE

1987 Volume 4 Pages 325-330
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.325

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A LOCALIZATION OF RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES

HAJIME FUKUCHI

1987 Volume 4 Pages 331-335
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.331

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A NOTE ON BARE-NP ADVERBS

KEIICHIRO KOBAYASHI

1987 Volume 4 Pages 336-341
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.336

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COUNTERFACTUAL UNLESS

TAKAO FUJITA

1987 Volume 4 Pages 342-346
Published: 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 24, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.4.342

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