The concept of Sport for Development Peace(SDP) was developed in the late 20th century. In Japan, the discussion about SDP and the contribution of sports to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) began along with the bidding for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games. Additionally, sport as a tool has been expected widely, which are also regarded as one of the important components of the Olympic legacy.

However, in the development sector, consideration about the connection/integration of development and sport has not been enough. Although the development sector has fruitful experience and logic at both the policy and practical levels, they are not reflected enough in the SDP, and sport has just been introduced without any discussion on the disadvantage of sport as a tool. Although SDP was promoted with the positive image of sports in terms of health, cost-effectiveness, and equal competition, and because it is thriving internationally, I am concerned that it will rapidly recede in the aftermath of the Tokyo 2020 Games.

In order to avoid such a situation, it is necessary to take this opportunity, one year after the ending of the Tokyo 2020 Games, to reexamine the relationship between sports and development/peace. In order to bring SDP into focus in the development sector, the purpose of this study is to summarize the international trends surrounding SDP in recent years, and to identify some key points for the future discussion.

This paper examines the sustainability of the effects of national sport competitions, which is named National Unity Day (NUD), on participating athletes in South Sudan by comparing athletes who participated in NUD for the first time with those who have participated in past NUDs, using data from questionnaires and testimonies from interviews. The results showed statistically that athletes who had participated in past NUDs had lower emotional barriers towards other ethnic groups and a higher level of trust in other ethnic groups than athletes who had participated in NUDs for the first time. This paper also showed that even after the NUD, the athletes continued to act as peace ambassadors such as talking about their experiences in the NUD and the importance of peace to their friends, family and community, and spreading their messages through the radio and so forth. Regarding sustainability of the effectiveness of NUD, this paper found that the athletes have maintained their friendship, trust and social network established in the NUD and also tried to accumulate its effects in the community after returning back to their communities. This indicates that the effects through NUDs are not temporary, but are maintained and sustained even after the NUDs. Since this paper confirmed the sustainability of effects of NUD, sport events shall be considered as a tool for peacebuilding efforts and it is important to continue to hold NUDs in order to enhance social cohesion in South Sudan.

This paper aimed to clarify the current status and issues of football in the process of social development in Cambodia, focusing on its relationship with economic development. The results of this paper can be summarized in the following three main points.

Politics, economy, education, sports, and physical education, as well as the athletes and physical education teachers of the time, were casualties of the Pol Pot regime. After the Paris Peace Accords were signed, the sports sector was rebuilt; furthermore, physical education was rebuilt with the support of Japanese NGO actors. It was revealed that activities in the field of Sport for Development and Peace, which addresses social issues stemming from Cambodia's genocidal past, are also taking place.

It was also apparent that football in Cambodia continues to grow along with the country's economic development. On the human side, it became clear that the Cambodian National Team is being strengthened in preparation for the country's hosting of the 2023 SEA Games through involvement with the Japan Football Association and various other Japanese actors. On the infrastructural side, the number of football courts in schools and educational institutions has increased, and the rush to construct stadiums has been ongoing since 2015, which suggests that football-related facilities and equipment will continue to be enhanced in the future. There were also examples of teams in the Cambodian Premier League focusing on the growth of tourism in Cambodia and working to improve operational.

Furthermore, the disparity between interest in the Cambodian National Team and the Cambodian Premier League has become evident. Therefore, the creation of a middle group and clarification of their motivations for watching football games were identified as future issues to be addressed.

In recent years, physical education has become one of the subjects in school education in many countries worldwide. Reports exist that physical education is insufficiently implemented in many developing countries and improving the quality and ability of physical education teachers is an urgent issue.

Under these circumstances, as part of the Sport for Tomorrow (SFT) project implemented by the Japanese government in preparation for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the “Physical Education Teacher Capacity Development Support in Peru"project was implemented. This project, whose activities focus on the introduction of Physical Education Lesson Study (PELS) and its joint development between the two countries, was implemented for five years from 2016-2020. Exchanges between the two countries have continued even after the project ended.

This paper divides this project into four phases: (1) activities mainly focused on the capital city of Lima, (2) activities that attempted to expand locally and nationwide, (3) activities that attempted to expand nationwide and to South American countries through online methods, and (4) post-SFT activities. We verified results of the activities and issues as they were organized in chronological order.

This project produced many results both domestically and internationally, and the PELS approach in the context of “Sport and Development” should be further investigated not only in Peru but in other countries as well.

This paper aims to examine the role of social networks as external resources for development by revealing how student migrants from Bangladesh studying in Malaysia maintain student life and give meanings to their stay as migrants by utilizing the networks. This study focuses on Malaysia, an emerging country where the rate of international students in higher education institutions reached 7.8 %, which is higher than Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries' average rate of 6.0%. The author conducted life story interviews in Malaysia, Australia, and through online settings, of 18 former and current students who had been natives of Bangladesh and pursued or were pursuing study or research in Malaysia.

To examine the social networks during their stay in Malaysia, Reference Group Theory was applied where individuals' behavior is affected by the groups to which they refer for an evaluation of their actions or normative guidelines for their behavior. Reference groups were considered in terms of educational perspectives, job hunting and career development, and employment and residency status.

Interview results provide evidence of dense network of Bangladeshi migrants with each other during their stay in Malaysia, and “differentiation” with Malaysians which leads to dissimilation in the host society. Likewise, the migrants positioned Japan, Western and Middle-Eastern countries as “imaginary reference framework” due to the availability of resident status and permanent residency.

Despite their prolonged stay in Malaysia, Bangladeshi migrants never seem to give narratives which showed assimilation with the Malaysian society. The reason could be that the migrants regarded their stay in Malaysia as temporary due to the difficulty of obtaining residential status. However, according to the survey results of this study, the author assumed that Bangladeshi migrants actually did assimilate with the multicultural Malaysian society where each ethnic group can maintain their religion, language or custom. Bangladeshi migrants may internalize the normative guidelines of cosmopolitan or multiethnic attitude where people familiarize themselves with other cultures and learn how to navigate between cultures, which eventually leads to the increased access to external resources for development.

While appreciating Prof. Kato's contribution of the special feature article on Japan's postwar development cooperation policies in historical perspectives, the discussion paper critically examines his main arguments on the characteristics of Japanese policies as distinct from the Euro-American counterparts, as exhibited in the high loan ratio, private-public partnership, regional priority and so on. Discussant argues, however, that those features defined by Prof. Kato as unique to the Japanese development cooperation policies are equally found in the Euro-American counterparts, if the total picture of ODA should be compared between the two. In fact, the most outstanding difference between the two approaches to development cooperation, though not referred to in Prof. Kato's paper, lie in the donor intervention in the internal affairs of developing country partners. Whereas the Euro-American approach emphasizes democratization and decentralization of authority of partner country's government, the Japan's longheld tradition has been not to get involved in the developing partner's political regime. While it is true that there has in recent times been some change in the Japanese approach, as shown in the adoption of the ODA Charter in the 1990s onward, Japan continues to show some hesitancy in de facto implementation and generally in the imposition of donor priorities on partner countries.