Koan Ogata（1810-1863）, the founder of Tekijuku, was a physician who contributed much to the medical profession through his knowledge of western medicine late in the Edo period. Some of his belongings included two medicine chests（Koan's Medical Chests, KMCs）: the first chest was used in late-middle ages and the second chest was used in his last years. We investigated the contents of the chests non-invasively and considered possibilities regarding his medical practice. Traditional forms of pills and crude drugs used in Asia were found in the first chest and some Westernstyle formulations were found in the second one. We prepared a database of historical crude drugs collected by Osaka University in the 1920 s-1950 s. We found that historical crude drugs and medical documents of Asia and/or Western countries respectively formed clusters by correspondence analysis. It seems that Ogata did his best using all of the knowledge he gained, including both traditional Japanese medicine and imported Western medicine, for treating unknown diseases. To know his medical strategy will be helpful clues for us in terms of determining medication for emerging infections. Namely, KMCs reflect his knowledge and experiences in the field of medicine. Finding new wisdom through old things is an old idiom in Asia. I hope we can embody this idiom through our projects.

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This paper analyzes the activities of Japan Roche Ltd., which sold pharmaceutical products on the Korean peninsula before World War II (WW II). The Keijo (Seoul) branch of Japan Roche was active from 1925 through 1932. Working at the Keijo branch, Yukichi Uemura and Jungjae Lee were members of the first medical representatives (MRs) system, which was similar to that of the one being used in Japan. Mr. Uemura managed the Keijo branch of Roche Japan, being the first president at the time it was established. After leaving Roche in 1932, he founded Uemura Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company in Keijo. A graduate of the Korean Pharmacy School, Mr. Lee was the first Korean MR in the Keijo branch of Japan Roche. In 1931, sales generated by the Keijo branch of Japan Roche reached one-tenth of that of Japan. Popular pharmaceutical drugs sold there were similar to Japan, such as Pantopon, Digalen, Allonal and Sedobrol. In 1932, as a result of closing the Keijo branch just before WW II, many details of Keijo branch of Japan Roche still remain unknown.

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Morizo Ishidate was born the third son of his family in Aomori City on January 24, 1901. At the age of 17, Morizo began working in the family business and unexpectedly met patients with Hansen’s Disease at Matsuoka Hoyoen in Aomori. He was shocked at their plight and decided to study pharmaceutical science and invent an effective medicine for them. Early in 1941, a new drug called promin was introduced for the treatment of leprosy at the US Marine Hospital (National Hansen's Disease Center) in Carville, Louisiana. USA. On November 26, 1943, promin treatment for leprosy was first reported in Public Health Reports, Vol. 57, by Dr. Guy Faget (Senior Surgeon) and his colleagues, who were providing care at aforementioned center. It was regarded as the most encouraging experimental treatment ever undertaken at the Leprosarium. Based on the above news, at the age of 42 and a member of the Pharmaceutical Institute, Tokyo Imperial University, Professor Ishidate set out to synthesize promin in Japan; this happening during the era of confusion at the end of the Second World War. In April 1946, he and his colleagues successfully prepared Ishidate Promin, and Professor Ishidate began clinical trials at Tama Zenshoen in Tokyo. Due to continued devotion to the challenge, patients with Hansen’s Disease in Japan were successfully treated and cured. To investigate the method for synthesizing the promin produced by Professor Ishidate's group, we investigated more than 20 papers and eight stories related to the preparation of Ishidate Promin and estimated the plausible synthetic methods.

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The third part of The Bower Manuscript (BMs) contains 14 formulations, on which there are two preceding philological studies. Hoernle regarded the third part as a fragment of a larger medical work while Meulenbeld argued that it was an extract from an original ancient medical work. This thesis begins by examining these preceding hypotheses and then outlines the 14 formulations described in the third part of BMs. The formulations are compared with those contained in the three great medical works in ancient India-the Caraka-sahit, the Suruta-sahit and the Agahdaya-sahitin order to find similarities between them from a present-day pharmaceutical point of view. These similarities are judged by comparing plant names, dosage forms, indications, and names of formulations that are used as classification keys in The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India and The Ayurvedic Formulary of India. The results of this analysis are then used to discuss how the third part was created and how it relates to the three great medical works. It is clear that the third part bears resemblance to the three great works and that it cannot be considered an original work. Formulations were handed down orally in ancient Indian medicine, and the third part should also be considered as such a compilation of formulations already in oral transmission at the time. Therefore it is methodologically problematic to draw a conclusion on the similarities between the formulations in the third part and those in the three great works solely based on citation relationships between them.

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Kaki Calyx, which is mainly used for treating hiccups in Japan, is listed in The Japanese Standards for Non-Pharmacopoeial Crude Drugs as the calyx left of the persimmon plant after the fruit has ripened (Diospyros kaki Thunberg). In this study, we investigated the clinical applications and origin of Kaki Calyx, historically and morphologically, from the viewpoint of quality control. We found descriptions of Kaki Calyx in 47 medicinal books written in China, Korea and Japan between the 8th and 19th centuries. Most of them mentioned the medicinal efficacy of Kaki Calyx for treating hiccups, but there was no detailed description regarding morphological characteristics. Kaki Calyx consists of a calyx disk, abscission zone and calyx lobe. We morphologically compared contemporary and historical Kaki Calyx samples: the former were purchased at a store in 2014 (four batches) and the latter were collected between the early 20th century and 1980s (seven batches). We found that the contemporary samples (2014) lacked the calyx lobes, whereas the lobes remained on most of the historical ones. This suggests that calyx lobes were originally necessary for Kaki Calyx in Chinese Pharmacopeia and consideration should be given to the significance of calyx lobes.

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Koan Ogata (1810-1863) was a physician who contributed the progression of Western medicine in Japan in the late Edo period. The medicine chest used for his medical treatments is now preserved at Osaka University. Most of the crude drugs he actually used are still in the chest, and they have provided us much information about Koan’s medical practice. There are also many other medicinal items inherited by Osaka University over the years. For this study, in order to discuss Koan’s medical strategies, we tried to establish a statistical analysis of these historical heritages. We investigated the historical inheritances and documents pertaining to crude drugs as follows : i) Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP, 1st-17th editions, issue years 1886-2016), ii) crude drug samples inherited by Osaka University (collected from around 1920-1950), and iii) medicinal documents issued between the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. We established a database of the crude drugs included in those samples and analyzed them statistically. We selected 308 crude drugs from JP and investigated their presence in the samples and documents mentioned above. We analyzed that data statistically and found that the contents of the documents and samples depended on the medical background : the preferences of crude drugs used in Western medicine and Oriental medicine were completely different. Notably, we found that the contents of Koan’s medicine chest were different from both Western and Oriental samples. These results statistically suggest his medical strategies were a combination of both cultures in order to obtain better medication.

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Angelica radix is a herbal medicine similar to Angelica acutilobare radix. It grows naturally in the northern part of Europe, and is cultivated in Germany and France. Regarding this Angelica radix, it was once listed in DAB Ⅰ (1872)-DAB VI (1926) and DAB VII (EAST)(1964). Therefore, this time I researched transition of the standard and test method in this DAB. As a result, it turns out that the details of the properties of Angelica radix have been refined in every revision. In the translation of DAB I (1872), I noticed that Angelica radix was translated as Angelica anomalae radix. At that time, the authors thought that Angelica radix and Angelica anomalae radix were the same herbal medicine in Germany and Japan. 　Angelica radix was listed in the Japanese Pharmacognosy book published in the Meiji and Taisho periods. As a substitute for this medicine Angelica anomalae radix was listed. The primordium plant was described as Angelica anomala Pall. However, the primordium plant of Angelica dahurica radix (Yoroigusa) listed in the current JP XVII (2016) is described as Angelica dahurica (Fisch) Benth et Hook. This is thought to be Ezonoyoroigusa, one of the varieties differentiated from Angelica anomala Lallemant. On the other hand, in 1950, according to the opinion of Hiroshi Hikino, Angelica acutilobae radix changed from Ligustium genus to Angelica genus. Additionally, Angelica acutilobae radix was considered to be a herbal medicine similar to Angelica radix. Figure 1 shows the relation between the description and origin of Angelica acutilobae radix, Angelica radix and Angelica anomala radix in the research conducted this time. Assuming as the origin of Hokkai Angelica, the main stream of Angelica acutilobae radix, it is assumed that Hokkai Angelica and Angelica radix are closely related to each other, with Ezonoyoroigusa somewhere in between. Furthermore, from this research, it was possible to understand how the handling of Angelica radix switched to European Touki from European Yoroigusa in the academic transition of pharmacognosy and botany.

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I investigated the Toki Medicine Chest, named after its owner Takanobu Toki (Okayama Prefecture). The Toki Medicine Chest consisted of two boxes, one large and one small. This combination of large and small boxes is similar to that of the Katagiri Medicine Chest reported previously. However, in the case of the Toki Medicine Chest, it is believed that the chest was owned by the same person after confirming an analysis of the contents, which were crude drugs. 　In terms of medicine chest design, there wasn't any big difference between the Toki Medicine Chest and Katagiri Medicine Chest. Judging from the contents of the drugs found in it, the Toki Medicine Chest was likely used at the beginning of the Meiji era, not Edo. There were different types of medicines in the chest; not only local powdered drugs, but also imported drugs. Moreover, there were a few different drugs in glass bottles. The results reflect modernization of the medicine chest. The Toki Medicine Chest represents the end of the medicine chest era, and this report also reveals the beginning of the medicine cabinet.

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