During the COVID-19 pandemic from January 2020 to October 2021, the Japanese Society for the History of Pharmacy (JSHP) held most of its meetings online. On October 23, however, the 2021 Annual Meeting was held in person for the first time in two years. As for overseas exchanges, some members have participated in online workshops and other events organized by the International Society for the History of Pharmacy (ISHP), the British Society for the History of Pharmacy (BSHP), the American Institute for the History of Pharmacy (AIHP), and the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (EUFEPS). As the pandemic continues to rage, what can historians of pharmacy do to contribute? and what has the Corona disaster produced? The characteristics of symptoms and social features of COVID-19 infection were as follows: Coronary depression and increased mental burden due to self-restraint, loss of sense of smell and taste, inability to visit seriously ill patients, inability to pay final respect to the bereaved, an I am right sense of justice becoming anger, disparity issues, people making the decision to be for or against vaccination, public health and individual thoughts, people making the decision to be for or against the Tokyo Olympics, the meaning of diversity and harmony. We will strive to gather and disseminate accurate information, and monitoring the new role that pharmacists have been asked to play.

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In this paper, as the sequel to Part 2 of the series, the progress of research on organic chemistry in the field of pharmaceutical sciences in the 20th century, which is uniquely divided into pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical organic chemistry, and medicinal chemistry with Nagayoshi Nagai as the source, is reviewed. Organic chemists, including two Nobel laureates, who opened up and cultivated new fields of organic chemistry by making full use of the knowledge and skills of organic chemistry acquired at the beginning of their research and made outstanding achievements in the field are also introduced.

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Purpose: Hopfenmehl (Lupulin) has been used as a raw material for beer for many years to add bitterness, aroma and foam to the end product. Regarding crude drugs, Lupulin was used as a sedative and bitter stomachic medicine as a good medicine with a bitter taste. From the late 1800s to 1900, Lupulin was once listed in the JP and USP, BP, DAB and other overseas pharmacopoeias. Therefore, this time, the author investigated and searched the standards and test methods of Lupulin that were once listed in JP, USP, BP, and DAB. The author also investigated and researched the chemical composition of Lupulin resin and the essential oils appearing in academic literature in the late 1800s, early 1900s, and in recent years. The author then considered the chemical basis of the sedative effect of Lupulin from the academic information on the components of Lupulin collected through research. Furthermore, at today's pharmaceutical level, the author considered whether or not Lupulin is a crude drug that could be effectively utilized in the future with regard to the sedative effect and biologically active effect. Method: 1) The author investigated and searched for Lupulin standard test methods listed in JP, USP, BP and DAB in the latter half of the 1800s. 2) The author investigated and searched for the chemical composition of Lupulin resin and essential oil appearing in academic literature from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. 3) The author researched and searched for academic information of Lupulin appearing in recent academic literature. Results: Regarding the Lupulin standard presented in the pharmacopoeia of each country in the latter half of the 1800s, the odor and taste roperties were common. It was shown that the odor had a strong aroma and the taste had a very strong bitterness. Academic literature at the time revealed that the predisposition to bitter was due to the Hopfenbitterstoffe contained in the Lupulin resin. Subsequent studies have shown that Hopfenbitterstoffe can be separated into two weakly acidic crystallized Hopfenbitterstoffe. For each, they were called alfa- and beta-Hopfenbittersäure. Recent advances in pharmaceutical standards, chemical technology, and instrumental analysis have elucidated the chemical structures of alfa- and beta-Hopfenbittersaeure. The Humulone of alfa-Hopfen bittersaeure produces Iso alfa-saeure (IsoHumulone) in the process of brewing beer. It is expected to suppress obesity and improve cognitive function for persons with Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion: The chemical structures of alfa- and beta-Hopfenbittersaeure that make up the Hopfenbitterstoffe of Lupulin's predisposition for generating bitterness have been elucidated. Additionally, the essence of the sedative effect of Lupulin was inferred to be Hopfenbitterstoffe. Furthermore, the bitterness of Lupulin exerts various medicinal effects on a wide variety of pathological conditions.

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Objective: To study the oldest Yakushi Buddha bronze statues holding a medicinal container made in the Asuka (Hakuhō) and Nara periods. Methods: The author investigated the Yakushi Buddha bronze statues holding a medicinal container by referring to the 12 volumes of Encyclopedia of National Treasures, Important Cultural Properties published by the Mainichi Press from 1997-2000. The author visited the Shin Yakushi Temple (Nara) and the Shojuraiko Temple (Shiga) to study the Yakushi Buddha bronze statues. Results and Discussion: The author confirmed that the oldest Yakushi Buddha bronze statue (73.0 cm in height) has been kept in the Shin Yakushi Temple (Nara), as Mrs. Masako Kida suggested. However, the original statue had been stolen, and a replica was produced with complete fidelity from a model. This statue holding a medicinal container is called the Ko Yakushi Buddha and was made during the Hakuho and Nara periods (A.D. 645-794). The second oldest Yakushi Buddha bronze statue holding a medicinal container is that of the Shojuraiko Temple (Shiga). It is 42.5 cm in height and was made during the Nara period (A.D. 710-794).

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Introduction: In this study, the author investigated the person, Hotaro KINOSHITA, who was responsible for issuing prescriptions in Oita during the Meiji Period. Methods: The author used materials from the National Diet Library's Digital Collection, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Library, Tokyo Metropolitan Archives, National Archives of Japan, and the author’s own collection of literature. Results and Discussion: Hotaro KINOSHITA traveled to Tokyo/Osaka to attend modern pharmaceutical events and gave presentations to the members of the House of Representatives in order to be allowed to issue prescriptions. In the second half of his life, he worked in several hospitals in Oita, Beppu and Azimu. He took up positions as the director of Oita Pharmaceutical Association and as a reporter for the Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. From present point of view, KINOSHITA is a pharmacist dealing with pharmaceutical care and sciences.

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