Modern western chemistry was introduced into Japan (Nagasaki) from end of the Edo era to the beginning of the Meiji era. After that, a number of excellent students were selected to study abroad at European universities, where they learned full-scale organic chemistry. After returning to Japan, they laid the foundation for original organic chemistry in Japan, not simply imitating Western-style practices. It can be said that they were the builders of organic chemistry in Japan. At the same time, the Japanese government established university systems in stages and developed modern organic chemistry. The efforts of those prominent pioneers in organic chemistry made the foundation for Japan's internationally competitive pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. This paper describes the historical achievements of the builders and successors born before 1900.

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Introduction: During the Meiji Period, there were no effective drugs based on dopamine or monoamines for psychiatric diseases. In this study, the author investigated the drugs that psychiatrists prescribed for patients and how they were used during the Meiji period in Japan. Methods: The author researched documents of the National Diet Library Digital collection and German Pharmacopoeia using Google Scholar. These were medical books and not pharmaceutical materials, except for the pharmacopeias. Results and Discussion: During the Meiji Period, anesthetics and hypnotics were mainly used in psychiatric medicine; especially, opioids (e.g., opium, morphine, etc.), belladonna alkaloids (e.g., scopolamine) and halogen compounds were prescribed. Psychiatrists did not prescribe traditional Japanese medicines and rather used European drugs. These drugs had no physiological actions for dopamine or monoamines, but they helped the patients rest and delayed the psychiatric symptoms. In the first decade of the 20th century, barbiturates and other hypnotics were developed by several European pharmaceutical companies. Thereafter, psychiatrists could treat their patients using those drugs. They, the psychiatrists, also believed that brain blood flow is a cause of psychiatric diseases and used cardiovascular agents like digitalis to control blood circulation. Shuzo KURE, the father of modern psychiatric medicine in Japan, started the patients' human rights movement and promoted improvements in treatment. These drugs supported KURE's actions in the area of psychiatric medicines.

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Objective: This article aims to consider the reasons for the development of pharmacy education in modern India focusing on the lives of two Indian pharmacists, Harkishan Singh (November 25, 1928-March 20, 2020) and Bhagwan Dass Miglani (September 15, 1929-September 23, 2017). The two were classmates during their Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm) course at Panjab University. Materials and methods: A historical approach was used. Investigating the two pharmacists' publications on modern Indian pharmacy, and contrastively describing their early life, education, encounters with pharmacy, careers, and educational activities. Consideration: Singh was involved in basic research, and Miglani was engaged in clinical research called hospital pharmacy. The relationship between the two was a prototypical one in which a pharmacist involved in basic research and another pharmacist working on clinical research were able to share the same research mindset. Therefore, for the development of research by pharmacists, it is necessary to clarify the logic and methods through basic research and to collaborate to develop the research in a clinical practice. Their contributions show pharmaceutical educators that the maturation of the research mindset and the development of research skills will be major challenges in future pharmacy education. Conclusion: Singh and Miglani made outstanding contributions in the field of pharmacy education in India in the 21st century. They are respected by Indian pharmacists and other people involved in pharmacy. Singh worked to establish the National Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research. As a hospital pharmacist, Miglani introduced a master's degree course in hospital pharmacy as part of the pharmacy education curriculum. He also worked as the editor of a hospital pharmacy journal to improve the social status of hospital pharmacists. They are respected by Indian pharmacy professionals. Although they were in different positions in Indian pharmacy, they shared the same perception of developing the nation's pharmacy education. They were driving forces behind the development of pharmacy education in modern India.

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Introduction: A petition issued by the territory to the Omori Agency of the Iwami Ginzan Domain in 1778 and a short memorandum describing the attached ginseng cultivation method were investigated. Method: Since the cultivation method was specific, it was compared with other methods that preceded it. Result: The short memorandum was thought to be a simple excerpt from the 'Ginseng Cultivation Record' by Tamura Ransui: 1765 and some copies of the figures. In addition, since the bonsai method was applied to the cultivation technique, there is speculation that development of the ginseng cultivation method on Sado Island was primitive. Conclusion: From studying development of the ginseng cultivation method on Sado Island, the cultivation method was transmitted to Nikko, after which a book was written. Furthermore, it is thought that the method may have been transmitted to Mt. Sanbe, and even possibly throughout the whole country.

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Objective: To study the trends in the approval of biopharmaceuticals focusing on the 30-years history of Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS). Methods: Approval information was obtained from the website of the Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals and the database of the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA). Results and Discussion: Stage 1 (1989-1998) Seventeen biopharmaceuticals including five hormones, three enzymes, three cytokines, and two human erythropoietins (r-hEPO) were approved and have been used to date. Stage 2 (1999-2008) Thirty-four biopharmaceuticals including 12 antibodies, seven hormones, six enzymes, and three interferons were approved and have been used to date. Stage 3 (2009-2018) Eighty-two biopharmaceuticals including 43 antibodies, 13 factors of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, nine hormones, eight enzymes, four fusion proteins, and three vaccines were approved and have been used to date. The number of biopharmaceuticals were not counted in the case of expiration.

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