Daisetsu Suzuki (1870-1966) was the first Japanese scholar who addressed systematically, in Japanese language, the work of the Swedish mystic, Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772). Beside translating Swedenborg's works, Suzuki also discussed the 18th century mystic's ideas in his own writing. The study treats the following questions: To what extent-and in what way-was Suzuki's ideas about spirituality influenced by those of Swedenborg? Inquiry focuses on discussion of spirituality in Suzuki's Nihonteki Reisei (Japanese Spirituality), Reiseiteki Nihon no Kensetsu (Building of Spiritual Japan), and Nihon no Reiseika (Spiritualization of Japan). The study's findings are as follows: 1. Suzuki's conception of spirituality was strongly influenced by Swedenborg. Swedenborg construed spirituality as being beyond nature and natural things and closely connected with the human soul (anima). Likewise, Suzuki conceived of spirituality as transcending nature and being rooted in the depth of mentality. 2. Suzuki and Swedenborg both saw spirituality as acts of free will. Swedenborg believed that human will (voluntas) is more fundamental than human intellect (intellectus). Suzuki had simillar ideas. He equated human will with spirituality and saw spirituality as the foundation for intellect. 3. In stressing soul and will over intellect, Suzuki and Swdenborg stand outside contemporary trends in thought in the West, which tend to emphasize intellect.

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Kumagusu Minakata is well known for his research in a great variety of fields. For about two years from 1902, he lived in the forest of Mt. Nachi, and during this period his studies focused on abnormal psychology in addition to his interests in botany, literature and folklore. Actually, he has been concerned in this topic from quite early. It was rather long before time this topic was recognized as one field of academic research in Japan. Minakata's research method was unique in a sense that others never anticipated, as he recorded the occurrence of the abnormal status of his own mind. Minakata continued to study this research subject even when it was rather neglected by the Japanese academism later on, and attempted to confirm a scientific viewpoint.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the character of shamanism in Korea. The study considers shamanism in Korea from early history to the present. Especially on Mudangs, the current shamans in Korea, I report the individual case, based on my own research. My findings include the following: 1. When we read the ancient Chinese historical materials about the ancient Korean societies, we can find many examples of shamanism there. 2. Shamanism was important in Korean society in the past and continues to be important in this society now. 3. The introduction of Confucianism in Korea in the 15 th century had the strong impact in shamanism. Shamanism was forced underground. Practice was delegitimatized, but continued as a fundamental religious culture. 4. Women had an important role in shamanism in Korea and the status of women was not low before the introduction of Confucianism. But after Confucianism established the ancestor worship and built a patriarchal society, the status in general became lower.

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AST chiro Qi-gong has been reported on several disease by clinical and basic medical stance. Authors reported about the clinical effects on brain hemorrhage of two patients. After therapy, physical examination and laboratory data showed the effects for recovery from hemorrhage and its complication. Because AST therapy could start from the early time just after the onset of the attack the patients could recover soon. Moreover, the therapy itself provide patients with a peace of mind. AST therapy could be thought to be useful for Brain hemorrhage.

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