From circa 1903 to 1930 there flourished a variety of alternative healing systems called "Reijutsu" (meaning "the technique of spirit") or "Seihin Ryoho" (literally meaning "psychotherapy"). In those systems healers used the power of "seishin" (mind) to cure the sick. Though those systems were derived from the mesmerism imported from America, the concept of mind and body in Japanese healing systems is different from that of the corresponding system in America. Adding to this, the usage of the term "seishin" is different from one healer to another, so the meaning of this word is not so easy to define. First, in this paper, he theory of a famous American mesmerist, John Bovee Dods, is discussed. His theory consists of the materialistic world view of electricity and the religious belief in the existence of the human soul and God. Then the monistic tendency of Japanese philosophy is discussed, using the example of a popular philosophy by Kuroiwa Shuroku. In Kuroiwa's theory, there is no space for substantial "soul." His theory resembles that of a healer, Kuwabara Toshiro, who stressed the supernatural power of "seishin," which was thought of as energy without personality. Kuwabara used only the power of will to cure the sick, without using the exercise of body. After Kuwabara, there appeared many healers, most of whom used the bodily techniques in practice but used the concept of "seishin" to explain supernormal healings. A reijutsu healer named Nagai Reiyo made a distinction between "seishin" and "seimei" (life). He thought "seishin" was egoistic and unstable, and following the stream of "seimei" without will is the best way of healing. So in the Japanese system of alternative healings, "seishin" is not something pre-existent, but a symbolical term to raise will-power. So when it became unnecessary to use this concept in healing, it was discarded for another term.

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Body image is closely related to the weight control, the management of body shape, and eating behaviors. To clarify the characteristics of body image among female college students majoring in physical education, the present study conducted a questionnaire survey regarding exercise habits, ideal height/weight and body image on 179 students majoring in physical education (PH), 133 students majoring in nutritional sciences (NU), and 113 students majoring in paedology (PA). The results can be summarized as follows: 1) Eighty-two percent PH habitually exercised, and most exercised 5-6 days/week for 3-4h/day. 2) Mean reported height and weight among PH was 160.4cm and 54.8kg, respectively. This was significantly higher than the 158.5cm/52.5kg mean values reported by NU and the 158.0cm/51.4kg mean for PA, as well as national height/weight means. 3) Mean ideal height and weight among PH was 163.6cm and 51.5kg. Comparison of differences between reported and ideal values among PH with those among students in the other two majors revealed that PH wished to be taller, and students majoring in nutritional sciences and PA wished to be lighter. 4) PH presented similar responses to those NU and PA in 11 of 13 questions regarding body image such as "I am too fat" (affirmed by 55.3% of PH) and "I should lose weight" (affirmed by 71.5%). In contrast, the percentage of students who responded "applicable" for the remaining 2 questions, "I wish to become thinner to be attractive to other people" and "I should maintain lighter weight by exercising more" were significantly lower among PH. 5) The correlation coefficients among 13 questions were caluculated and the correlation matrix was submitted to a principal components analysis. It was found that about 60% of total variance of the thirteen variables was accounted for by four components. Furthermore, from the inspection of eigenvectors corresponding to these components, it was supposed that the first principal components represents the factor of desire for thin body. The means of scores of the first principal components in PH were significantly different among NU and PA. Above result explains that PH. from Physical Program are conducting regular physical exercise and have similar image or imagination of the body to those of PH from UN and PA, and there is a significant difference in their preference of ideal and thin body.

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This study examines how a professional dancer interacts with children involved in physical expression. The researcher focuses his observations on six workshops provided for three and four year old children. This study uses protocol analysis in an attempt to understand the overall improvement of the children's physical expression by critically reviewing the process and structure of the workshops. This study also includes the dancer's personal reflections in order to analyze how he implements his professional practice. The findings indicate that the dancer's attention to children's activities just before giving his instruction and demonstration is an important aspect in order to nurture as well as foster children's physical expression. Since this quality of attention can be assessed as a key disposition and professional skill for care givers, this study may provide a new perspective for research in care givers' disposition.

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Kumagusu Minakata (1867-1941) was a Japanese representative naturalist, and he produced remarkable achievements in a research of cryptogamic plants and myxomycetes. Also he experienced a lot of "Synchronicity" phenomena through his life. He called the experiences "Yariate", and he recorded these in the letters and his diary. The purpose of this paper is to re-consider the process of Jung's Synchronicity through Minakata's experiences and his thought of "Koto" in other words "Meaningful Coincidence". The construction of this paper is as follows: I. Minakata's idea and Yasuo Yuasa's one about "Koto" II. The experiences of Minakata's "Yariate" III. Re-consideration about the reason why "Synchronicity" occurs 1) Rising of the consciousness and Lowering of the mental level 2) Extreme concentration IV. "Miracle" Archetype

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