Evidence was presented that the turbidity of kaolin suspensions was affected by the X-agent.
All the phenomena, observed in the protein solutions, in which the X-agent is thought to be involved could be demonstrated in suspensions of kaolin, a kind of silicate, which provides the main component of the crust of the earth and which is also present both in the air and water forming colloidal particles.
This indicates that the X-agent can influence not only the living things, consisting of proteins, but also the inorganic world on the earth.
It was discussed that the X-agent is presumably involved extensively in the meteorological phenomena.

抄録全体を表示

Clostridium pasteurianum, Clotridium bulylicus and Clostridium aceto-butylicum can grow in a synthetic medium containing sucrose as the source of carbon. The optimum pH for the formation of butanol and acetone are different for the same organism and also varies wtih the organisms.
The range of pH's which are considered optimum for the formation of butanol, acetone and cell growth of the different clostridium species are as follows:-

抄録全体を表示

The studies on the cobalt-ion-permeability in the cobalt-resistant mutantof Escherichia coli K-12 isolated in our laboratory confirmed that:
(1) the cobalt penetrates cobalt-resistant cells much more readily than it does sensitive cells;
(2) the cobalt-resistant cells grown in synthetic culture media can fix about twice as much cobalt ion as the sensitive parent cells;
(3) when grown in a synthetic medium containing radioactive cobalt ions, the resistant cell can proliferate as well as in a non-radioactive cobalt-containing medium and fix cobalt ion about 1.5 to 2 times higher than the extracellular concentration of radioactive cobalt;
(4) when grown in nutrient broth, the amount of cobalt which permeates into bacterial cells is higher than in the case of synthetic medium cultivated cells, and no marked difference was found between the cobalt-resistant and-sensitive cells.
This study further suggests that the mechanism of cobalt-resistance in this mutant cell was not due to the cobalt-permeability barrier, and that the resistant cell has more affinity for cobalt ion than the sensitive cell, particularly those cells which were grown in a synthetic medium.

抄録全体を表示

1) The colorimetric determination for extraction of trypan blue which was firmly bound to tissue protein, by the method of digesting with proteolytic enzymes or decomposing tissue protein with acid or alkali was unsuccessful.
2) Using proteolytic digestion of the skin, Evans blue was extracted from the skin in good yield. In the range of 0.25×10^-8 to 10×10^-8M concentrations of Evans blue, the correlation between the amounts of injected and extracted dye was linear, and the average recovery of the dye from the rat skin was 92.5per cent.
3) Capillary permeability varied with the injected areas of the dorsal skin.The amount of dye accumulated at the site of injury near the abdomen, head or tail were distinctly greater than in areas around the center of the back. Introductions of the venom around the center of the back gave a comparatively constant value and were used for the exact determination of an increased capillary permeability.

抄録全体を表示

Mycobacerium Takeo represents three types of population structure; i. e., three degrees of resistance in respect to isoniazid resistance; wild type, low resistant type and high resistant type. Therefore, this strain represents only two phenotypes of isoniazid resistance. An intermediate type between these types was not found. It should be noted that a change in the degree of isoniazid resistance occurs only discontinuously.
It is postulated that mutation to the high resistant type is produced by mutations of two genes; mutation to the low resistant type followed by another mutation.

抄録全体を表示

A culture medium containing tryptophan was inoculated with Clostridia species and incubated at 37ªC for 7 days, followed by n-butanol extraction. The extract was evaporated and concentrated in acetone water and then subjected to paper chromatography according to the methods for detecting indole derivatives. Indole propionic acid was produced by almost all of the strains of Cl. sporogenes and Cl. parabotulinum, and tryptamine by most strains of Cl. bifermentans. Except Cl. capitovale, Cl. cadaveris and Cl. aerofoetidum, no other species of Clostridia were found to produce either of them. This new test was more reliable than the Vanillin Violet test used for similar purpose.

抄録全体を表示

Tissue cultured macrophages derived from guinea pigs and mice immunized with live vaccine or killed vaccine were infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis, and the fate of the infected bacteria was pursued. The results obtained are as follows:
1. Tissue cultured macrophages from animals immunized with live vaccine (devoid of specific O antigen) exerted an inhibitory action on intracellular virulent organisms of S. enteritidis regardless of the origin of the serum added to the culture medium.
2. Tissue cultured macrophages from animals immunized with killed vaccine did not exert any inhibitory action on the intracellular virulent S. enteritidis.
3. A slight inhibition of bacterial multiplication in tissue cultured macrophages from mice immunized with killed vaccine was observed only in the presence of immune serum having a high anti-O antibody titre.

抄録全体を表示

A study was made to prepare as medium which will permit a selective growth of the coli-form group of bacteria but supress, as effectively as possible, the growth of other bacteria.
In as much as the coli-form group has a property very similar to that of Pseudomonas or Proteus, the bacteriostatic power of drugs alone cannot be used when proteins or peptones are the fundamental nourishment.
Consequently, lactose instead of glucose was used in Stephenson-Whetham's synthetic medium. Some Crystal violet and Hexylresorcinol were added as bacteriostatic drugs. The addition of these two drugs was adopted after considering the result of some experiments as well as many literatures up to this time. As a result of repeated experiments, a fairly satisfactory medium was obtained when 0.1mg of crystal violet per L and 8mg of hexylresorcinol per L of medium was used.
A more detailed experiment made in order to determine the optimum concentration of drugs will be reported in the next paper.

抄録全体を表示

1. From a group of chickens in the field, desoxycholate-sensitive strains (DC^s) of Salmonella pullorunz, which did not grow on media ordinarily used for the isolation of the groups of Enterobacteriaceae and containing various dyes or bile salts for selective isolation, were isolated.
2. In morphological, biochemical and serological properties, DC^s strains did not differ from the normal desoxycholate-resistant (DC^r) strains, which are commonly isolated in the field. Serologically, they belonged to the intermediate type, and tests for S-R variation was confirmed as the smooth form.
3. Dissociation of DC^r from DC^s occurred at the frequency of about 10^-6.
4. Comparison of pathogenicities revealed no difference between these two strains in mortality rate, survival clays, and proportion of carriers. However, DC^s strains could not be demonstrated in the bile of infected chickens, but they are isolated from the kidney and testis at far higher rate than DC^r.
5. DC^s strains were found highly sensitive to various bile salts, basic dyes, penicillin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline and several anionic and cationic surface active agents.
6. Between DC^s and DC^r, there was a remarkable difference in resistance of cells to desoxycholate. The former was found to be killed easily, resulting in the elution of nucleic acid.

抄録全体を表示

Homologous γ-globulin has been successfully demonstrated in the typhoidgranuloma of mouse liver and spleen following injections of live organism or killed vaccine of a virulent strain of Salmonella enteritidis. It is established by the antigen inhibition test that γ-globulin in the typhoid granuloma is the specific antibody. The Kupffer cells lack γ-globulin or antibody. The observa-tions indicate that antibody may be not transferred from other antibody-synthesizing cells, but may be produced by these macrophages.In the spleen, another prominent locus of γ-globulin is observed in cells of the plasma cell series including Russell bodies. Smaller amount of γ-globulin are detected in the lymphocytes. Gamma globulin is found chiefly in the cytoplasm, but occasionally it was located in the nucleus of these cells including the typhoid granuloma cells.
In the Discussion, it is suggested that most of serum antibody may be produced by cells of the plasma cell series; and a part by macrophages of the typhoid granuloma and cells of the lymphocytic series. The present paper indicates that a special type of macrophages produces antibody in particular circumstances. The macrophage of the typhoid granuloma is an example. It does not mean all the cells of the macrophage system produce antibody. Macrophages of the typhoid granuloma are pyroninophilic. Antibody demonstrated in the granuloma macrophages might be a cell-borne one.
Serum antibody responses of both complete and incomplete antibodies are comparatively studied. No conclusive results are obtained concerning the problem whether two types of antibodies are produced by the same type of cells or by the different ones.
The present study presents one of the cellular basis of antibody formation against bacterial antigens, which has different aspects of the mechanism from the one against protein antigens.

抄録全体を表示