The diffusion chamber, which was sealed with Millipore VM filter and contained live organisms, was inserted into the peritoneal cavity of animals in order to study the mechanism of immunity in experimental typhoid and tuberculosis.
Mice which were inserted with the chambers, containing live Salmonella enteritidis, showed no protection against a challenge with S. enteritidis (experi-mental typhoid), while their serums had specific antibodies. The bacterial growth in the chambers was vigorous, regardless of a difference in virulence of the strains used. This was the same even when the chambers were inserted into mice which had been immunized with an effective live vaccine.
Guinea pigs which were inserted with the chambers containing live BCG organisms or virulent tubercle bacilli showed neither protection against a virulent tuberculous infection nor hypersensitivity for tuberculin, while their serum had agglutinins for tubercle bacilli.
The need for a contact of immunizing or sensitizing agents with the host cells to obtain infection-protection or hypersensitivity was concluded, and the mechanism of immunity and allergy in both diseases has been discussed.

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Applying both thin sectioning and negtaive staining techniques, the fine structure of the Reiter treponeme has been revealed by electron microscopy.The cell envelope, which is shown as a three-layered membrane in sections, encloses inclusively both the cell body and the axial filament twisting around the cell. In addition to the cell envelope, the cytoplasm is surrounded by the cell membrane composed of three layers: outer and inner dense layers and an intermediate lighter layer. The cell membrane resembles the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria in appearance and size, but it seems to have the nature of both the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. The nuclear fibrils run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cell in the central region of the cytoplasm. The membranous organelles, presenting membranous stacks, laminated bodies and tubular structures, are situated in the cytoplasm, and they seem to correspond to the intracytoplasmic membrane system of bacterial cells. Dense granules in the cytoplasm are probably the polyphosphate granules since they are volatilized by electron bombardment.
Whole cells and isolated axial filaments of the treponeme were negatively stained with phosphotungstate. Immediately after sonic oscillation, the cell envelope is ruptured and consequently the axial filament consisting of a bundle of about 6 fibrils becomes free. Each fibril of the axial filament penetrates separately into the cytoplasm near the end of the cell. The fibril is composed56 KAWATA AND INOUE Vol. 8, No. 2of the core and the sheath. As the digestion of the cells with trypsin proceeds, large membranous bodies, corresponding to the membranous organelles in sections, becomes distinctly visible in the partially digested cytoplasm.

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We isolated a fraction of the surface materials from Staphylococcus aureus FAD 209P and tried to purify it by the method used for the purification of polysaccharide. This material was temporarily called "surface antigen" The rabbit was immunized with the "surface antigen" and the properties of anti-bodies were investigated. The rabbit immune sera against "surface antigen" showed high agglutinin titers to blood cells sensitized with this antigen. The immune sera possessed an enhanced opsonic action, and the mice passively immunized with the serum showed a protective effect against the challenge with S. aureus 209P

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With the antigen isolated from the fraction of materials extracted from Staphylococcus aureuus FAD 209P, sensitized haemagglutination tests were performed on 256 sera of normal healthy persons and on 134 patients in the Nippon Medical School Hospital. In the normal serum, the sensitized haemagglutination titers were between 0 and 1:80. Out of 134 patients with various diseases, 15 were over 1:160 and 9 (60.0per cent) were related to bacterial infectious diseases. In the case of 45 patients ASLO, CRP, RA-tests and sensitized haemagglutination tests were conducted and in the case with high titers in the sensitized haemagglutination test, a number of cases with over 500 Todd unit of ASLO were observed. However, the results of CRP and RA-tests indicate that there is no relationship between the titers of these two tests and the sensitized haemagglutination test.The authors wish to express their gratitude to Prof. Y. Kimura, Bacteriology Department of the Nippon Medical School, for his kind advice and assistance in conducting the present study.

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