Ancient Japanese has several forms of ordering kakari particles such as “mo-zo” and “koso-ha.” In this study, based on the order of kakari particles, I have classified their syntactic features consecutively as follows: order (1), order (2), and order (3).

The above classification is based on the order of kakari particles and its validity is also supported by their semantic and structural features. A kakari particle belonging to order (1) is similar to the second adverbial particle from syntactic and semantic viewpoints. In particular, the functional difference between “mo” belonging to order (1) and (3) depens on whether it expresses a paradigm or not. The functional difference between kakari particles belonging to order (2) and (3) is their scope. Due to this functional difference, the kakari particles belonging to order (3) play a significant role in whether the ordering form of kakari particles has a sentence-final usage or not.

It is well known that many Japanese personal pronouns derive from common nouns and demonstrative pronouns, and the formation of such personal pronouns is thought to follow a common pattern. This paper attempts to clarify the formation pattern of personal pronouns.

This paper has two purposes: (1) to clarify how the second person pronoun konata was formed and (2) to describe the pattern of its formation.

The results of this study reveal that the second person pronoun konata was formed as follows. Originally, konata expressed the physical space occupied by the speaker. It then came to express one side of a two-part division of space occupied by the speaker and addressee(s). At this point, the person or people occupying the space became the focal point of konata, resulting in konata expanding in scope to express the person or people in the space near the speaker. This usage became widely accepted in situations where it was necessary to express distance between the speaker and addressee(s). Thus, we can say that the dietic meaning of space occupied by the speaker was applied to cover the person or people near the speaker. Finally, this usage as a personal pronoun came to be restricted to the addressee(s), giving rise to the second person pronoun konata.

In conclusion, it was discovered that there are three processes which drive the formation of personal pronouns: (1) expansion in scope to express a person or people, (2) application of dietic meaning, and (3) development of restriction in person. This same formation process is observed in other personal pronouns as well, suggesting that it is a common formation pattern of personal pronouns in Japanese.

This paper investigates nine documents which contain the Tō-on readings used by Chinese interpreters in the Edo period. Through examining kana notations used for transliterating the pronunciation of Chinese, this paper discusses the consonants of the Japanese /h-/ series at that time.

To accurately transliterate the initials /f/-group(軽唇音), /hu/-group(喉音合口) and /h/-group(喉音開口) in Chinese, these documents take different approaches: separately using ハ and フア notation or mixing them together, or only using ハ notation, or separately using ハ and ハア notation.

This is thought to be due to the fact that the Japanese compilers of each document based their kana notations on their own pronunciation of the Japanese /h-/ series while transliterating Chinese pronunciation. Overall, these documents can be divided into four types from the perspective of how kana notations are used: I. Separation, II. Combination, III. Consistency, and IV. Length.

Accordingly, this paper concludes that the consonants of the Japanese /h-/ series in the 18^th century are highly varied, and it is assumed that there were intermediate states, such as [ɸ～hw] and [hw~h], in the de-labialization [ɸ]>[h] which occurred in the Japanese /h-/ series.