公共選択の研究

公正貿易論をめぐって

香西泰

1987 年 1987 巻 10 号 p. 1-4
発行日: 1987/12/15
公開日: 2010/10/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11228/pcs1981.1987.10_1

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ブキャナンの政治経済学方法論

川野辺裕幸

1987 年 1987 巻 10 号 p. 14-25
発行日: 1987/12/15
公開日: 2010/10/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11228/pcs1981.1987.10_14

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James Buchanan, a founder of public choice, is also a distinguished political economist. The aim of this paper is to give a methodological review of his political economy. It's major promises are as follows. The behavioral posturate of individuals are not only that of homo economicus. Individ-uals, who maximize their utility also cooperate each other in order to seek mutual gain. Pareto optimality criteria is applied to define rules. But since the utility function of each individual is not fully defined by others, a political economist can only use an hypothetical utility function in his inves-tigation. So the appropriateness check of the proposed rule is needed, and the only measure of it is an unanimity approval.
What a political economist can do is not to show a certain end state of each individual's welfare of outcome, but to show a rule under which every one can seek mutual gain. An appraisal of constitutional revolution is the coherent conclusion of his political economy.

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On “Cost & Choice” by James M. Buchanan

黒川和美

1987 年 1987 巻 10 号 p. 26-30
発行日: 1987/12/15
公開日: 2010/10/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11228/pcs1981.1987.10_26

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This paper is written at this opportunity to re-introduce and review Cost and Choice, written by J. M. Buchanan 1969, which is one of most important references for studying public choice theory. From point of my view stressing the responsibilities of one's own choice, this review is undertaken and estimate Buchanan's review on the concepts of cost.
The opportunity costs concept made by Classics, London school, and Austrian school are critically reviewed in this book and he reconstructed it and pointed out the crusial difference between responsibilities of private choice and these of public choice. This defference is from cost concept used on each choice.

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Fiscal Federalism論の展開

原田博夫

1987 年 1987 巻 10 号 p. 31-36
発行日: 1987/12/15
公開日: 2010/10/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11228/pcs1981.1987.10_31

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Buchanan's “Federalism and Fiscal Equity” is substantially a maiden work. He was able to successfully come out in academic circles with this. He presented the concept of the resident's fiscal residuum, which should be equal among residents of every state in a federation. This concept and his analysis of fiscal equalizing transfers among areas were neither fully supported nor understood by the orthodox economists, because his analytical key concepts seemed to be rather peculiar or unusual.
He matured the germ of his ideas stead-ily in a 1950 article and presented them again in a 1972 article with Robert E. Wagner in a more refined way. During this interval he developed the concepts of “protective” and “productive” state, fiscal illusion, property rights, and so forth, which are now central parts of his whole idea. His theory of public choice has been given robustness by these concepts. At the same time his ideas have lately been often accepted as precepts in the practical reforms of fiscal institutions.

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書評: The Reason of Rules-Constitutional Political Economy-by G. Brennan and J. M. Buchanan

大岩雄次郎

1987 年 1987 巻 10 号 p. 37-40
発行日: 1987/12/15
公開日: 2010/10/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11228/pcs1981.1987.10_37

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Buchanan and Brennan have tried to offer logical bases for imporsing constraining rules on the political action of persons. In that context, this book is excellent in terms of a broad exposition of bases of contractual constitutionalism. Moreover, what is remarkable is to make it apply to many re-levant fields, especially, to income distribution problems which have never been taken up. Another main purpose is that they characterize this book as an extended essay in persuasion in order to prevail the idea of constitutional economics.
Buchanan and Brennan have mentioned about a “constitutional mentality” which should be shared among people. And they also put special emphasis on the importance of “shared moral norms” or of a “civic religion” which are indispensable to implement a constitutional change. These con-cepts and reasoning are quite new to Public Choice theory. We should think whether they could be key concepts in order to make Public Choice theory get great strides.

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税制改革と公共選択

1987 年 1987 巻 10 号 p. 41-75
発行日: 1987/12/15
公開日: 2010/10/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11228/pcs1981.1987.10_41

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政府規制の緩和をどう進めるか

田中一昭

1987 年 1987 巻 10 号 p. 76-82
発行日: 1987/12/15
公開日: 2010/10/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11228/pcs1981.1987.10_76

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Changes in the social and economic conditions in Japan has brought about the necessity for the review and reform of government regulations. The reforms have become critical to resolving the major economic and social issues confronting the country. Some of these issues include-the necessity for achieving a harmonious external economic relations, the expansion of domestic demands, the reform of the economic structure and the promotion of the administrative reforms.
This paper consists of following contents;
Characteristics of Government Regulations;
Reasons for the Reform of Regulations;
The Goals for the Reform of Regulations;
Evaluation of the Reform of Government Regulations in Japan;
Obstacle to the Reform of Regulations;
The Task for the Moment.

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脱税と非対称的ラッファーカーブ

渡辺茂

1987 年 1987 巻 10 号 p. 83-87
発行日: 1987/12/15
公開日: 2010/10/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11228/pcs1981.1987.10_83

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税率と税収あるいは国民所得との関係を考察することの重要性は, 他のいかなる時代をも凌駕するように思われる.本稿を通じて導かれたことは, 直感と一致するように思われるが, 税率を絶えず高めることが望ましくないということである.脱税した所得とそうでない所得との間で, 限界消費性向に差がみられないと仮定すれば, ラッファーカーブのようなユニークな最大点をもつ曲線が得られる.そのように仮定しない場合には, 曲線は非対照的な性質をもつことになる.このことは, 税率と税収との間だけでなく税率と国民所得との間でも成り立つ.その結果, 税率を臨界点以上に高めればある場合には, 税収と国民所得を減少させることになり, 他の場合にはその効果が予期できないことになる.従って, 臨界点以上に税率を高めないことが賢明と言える.但し, その税率を直接的に見つけることは困難である.もし, 当局の把握する所得が50%以下であると推定されるならば, 既に税率が臨界点よりも高くなっており, 50%を越えている (例えば55%, 60%) 場合でもその可能性を否定することはできない。

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『公共経済学』

小澤太郎

1987 年 1987 巻 10 号 p. 102-103
発行日: 1987/12/15
公開日: 2010/10/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11228/pcs1981.1987.10_102

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