公共選択の研究
Online ISSN : 1884-6483
Print ISSN : 0286-9624
ISSN-L : 0286-9624
2003 巻, 41 号
選択された号の論文の9件中1~9を表示しています
  • 応用一般均衡モデルによるシミュレーション分析
    川瀬 晃弘, 北浦 義朗, 橋本 恭之
    2003 年 2003 巻 41 号 p. 5-23
    発行日: 2003/12/15
    公開日: 2010/10/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Following the Kyoto Protocol, the Japanese government plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 6% on the basis of the 1990 emission level over the next decade. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the Japanese government considers adopting an environmental tax. This paper analyzes the economic effect of a recent proposal by the Japanese government for a CO2 tax with policies that use the tax revenues to lower the pre-existing taxes. We examine the double dividend hypothesis using a computational general equilibrium model. In particular, our model incorporates \3, 000/tC CO2 tax and we conduct 6 simulations that use the environmental tax revenues to lower the following pre-existing taxes, (1) labor income tax, (2) employee's social security contribution, (3) consumption tax, (4) corporate tax, (5) payroll tax (employer's social security contribution), and (6) a combination of employee's social security contribution and payroll tax.
    The simulation had the following results: Compared to the benchmark equilibrium, the CO2 emissions decrease in all simulation scenarios. This means that the first dividend is realized in all cases. The welfare effects of the environmental tax reforms are measured by the sum of the equivalent variations. The welfare gain (the second dividend) is realized in case (1), (2), (3) and (6), but in the two scenarios (4) and (5), where the tax revenues are used to reduce the firm's tax burden, the revenue recycling policies reduce welfare. From the viewpoint of the double dividend, the case (3) is the most desirable policy because it reduces the CO2 emissions and achieves the highest welfare gain.
    The policy implication from this paper is that the Japanese government must not blindly use the revenues from the environmental tax for environmental purposes, but needs to consider the double dividend from the environmental tax reform.
  • 玉村 雅敏
    2003 年 2003 巻 41 号 p. 24-40
    発行日: 2003/12/15
    公開日: 2010/10/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper explains a “Polycentric System of Public Services” in Aomori Prefecture, which is a system of “Policy Marketing”, and confirms its effectiveness.
    Since 1999 Aomori Prefecture has constructed and advanced a system of performance management using community benchmarking. This system is focused on building a “Polycentric System of Public Services” applying the idea of marketing to public management.
    Customarily marketing has been considered mainly as an activity for promoting sales. However, recently marketing is being applied not only for promoting and selling products, but also for producing products, services, and systems to make those concerned (providers, customers, etc.) continuously satisfied through building numerous sustainable relationships.
    This idea of marketing can be applied to the field of local management and public policy. There are many providers of public policy and public services, for example, local governments, NPOs, citizen groups, private corporations, schools, families, individual citizens, and so on. Each of the providers in response to the needs of customers provides policies and services to satisfy these needs. For the providers to try and satisfy the needs of customers much better, they can combine their activities for providing policies and services. As it is, there is a “Policy Market” of these policies and activities, which are produced by the various combinations of providers. This means that it can be important to make an effective system of marketing, when a region wishes to produce better results.
    A system of Policy Marketing in Aomori Prefecture was constructed through 5 steps, (1) analyzing and visualizing needs of policies in Aomori, (2) constructing a benchmarking system to check whether the needs of these policies are being realized, (3) sharing this information among policy providers in Aomori, (4) applying a practical means to realize the needs of policies, (5) monitoring and arranging for feedback regarding benchmark trends and activities to meet the needs.
    Through the construction of this system, Aomori Prefecture tries to realize a “Polycentric System of Public Services” and the promotion of activities to rectify regional problems.
  • 川野辺 裕幸
    2003 年 2003 巻 41 号 p. 41-57
    発行日: 2003/12/15
    公開日: 2010/10/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The paper examines the alteration of the Japan's postwar functions of inter-regional redistributions through the national and local public finance system during the economic stagnation period of 1990s.
    Through the high ratio of direct to indirect taxes, taxes were collected mainly from manufacturing industries and their employees of urban rapid growing sectors in terms of corporation and withholding income taxes. The collected revenue had been transferred to local governments by the local allocation tax and the national government disbursements which were distributed favorably to local governments of weak fiscal capability.
    Transferring the resource between urban and rural regions through the national and local public finance system produced critical bases of the Japanese type rentseeking and made up the national-government-dependent local governments as well as the centraldependent local politics. Governors and mayors spent their main efforts to the acquisition of grants from ministries and agencies of the national government. And National Diet members of the ruling Liberal-Democratic Party who were elected mainly from rural districts assisted their efforts.
    The economic stagnation during 90s and the globalization hit the export-oriented manufacturing industries, squeezed their profits, and deprived their employees of jobs and incomes. Using the YF 1999 and 2000 socio-economic data as well as those of national and local public finance, this paper estimates per capita burdens and benefits by the national and local public finance in 47-prefecture bases.
    Despite of the declining tax revenue mainly from urban districts, public expenditures at both levels of governments as well as the transfers by the national governments grew high during the 1990s. Almost all prefectures accept excess benefits, and huge deficits pile up at both levels of governments.
    Facing the declination of the rapid growing sectors and their rents, the interregional rent-seeking mechanism altered its function toward the intertemporal redistribution at the cost of future taxpayers who have no voting rights at present. The national and local public finance relation with huge grants is no more sustainable, and that provides another ground for the decentralization.
  • 中北 徹
    2003 年 2003 巻 41 号 p. 58-61
    発行日: 2003/12/15
    公開日: 2010/10/14
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 小澤 太郎
    2003 年 2003 巻 41 号 p. 62-64
    発行日: 2003/12/15
    公開日: 2010/10/14
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 大会準備委員会
    2003 年 2003 巻 41 号 p. 65-78
    発行日: 2003/12/15
    公開日: 2010/10/14
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 加藤 寛
    2003 年 2003 巻 41 号 p. 79-84
    発行日: 2003/12/15
    公開日: 2010/10/14
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 井堀 利宏
    2003 年 2003 巻 41 号 p. 85-88
    発行日: 2003/12/15
    公開日: 2010/10/14
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 平井 友行
    2003 年 2003 巻 41 号 p. 89-92
    発行日: 2003/12/15
    公開日: 2010/10/14
    ジャーナル フリー
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