In the production plant, efficiency improvement and high quality are called for. In addition, a lot of problems that cannot be predicted in the laboratory occur. This lecture introduces the problems and solutions to the powder molding that occur on the production site from the viewpoint of a production system engineer.

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The physiological study of Japanese men's facial skin and differences between men and women in facial skin has rarely been reported. Thus, we conducted non-invasive measurement of skin conductance, skin surface lipid and transepidermal water loss and skin mechanical properties and analyzed those changes with seasons, with advancing age and those differences between men and women. Our purpose was to investigate the fundamental physiological properties of Japanese men's facial skin. The results of our study established the following facts: 1. In skin conductance and skin surface lipid production, the physiological differences between the T-zone and U-zone of men were more remarkable than that of women, 2. Contrary trends were shown in T-zone and U-zone for the seasonal changes of TEWL and final distension respectively, 3. The lower cheek was the driest part in men's facial skin throughout the year, 4. A high negative correlation coefficient was confirmed between total distension and actual age in men's facial skin and total distension can serve as an index of aging change in Japanese men's facial skin, 5. Differences in the methods of shaving and the use of sunscreen cosmetics had an influence on aging changes in Japanese men's facial skin.

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The visual examination of wrinkle formation and the measurement of skin color were conducted to investigate the changes of appearance in Japanese men's faces with advancing age. At the corners of the eyes, the deepest linear wrinkles developed deeper, whereas most fine wrinkles developed at the suborbital site with advancing age. The wrinkle formation was accentuated at around 40 in the corner of the eyes and around 50 in the suborbital site. Individual variation in wrinkle formation was more remarkable in the suborbital site than in the corners of the eyes. The subjects having more accentuated wrinkles at the suborbital site among same generation (40's) tended to show higher TEWL and lower skin conductance. An increase in redness and decrease in brightness of facial skin with advancing age were confirmed. Before their 40's, a seasonal change in which the facial brightness became lower in summer and higher in winter was detected, whereas after the 40's, no significant difference in the seasonal change was found. The aging symptom of men was obviously worsened at about 40 years old. Synchronously, they began to recognize the changes in appearance of their own faces. Men who were interested in skin care products were not many in contrast with women, whereas they hoped to look much younger and recognized that skin care is necessary.

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