Recently, in the field of ITS (Intelligent Transportation System), marketing and disaster prevention, data with finer spatio-temporal resolution with respect to time, space and attribute will be needed for spatio-temporal database compared with the resolution of existing maps or statistical data. On the other hand, many kinds of spatio-temporal data are being repeatedly acquired or generated, such as pseudolite or electric tag, etc. in addition to existing GPS, PHS, traffic counter and monitoring camera. However, those data are still so fragmentary and may have some errors that we cannot always directly monitor dynamic changes of the spatial objects or features with sufficient spatio-temporal resolution. Therefore we need to develop a method for arranging various kinds of spatio-temporal data and inferring the most probable spatio-temporal state of feature. In this research, we give a reconstruction algorithm and propose GIS reasoning for reconstruction of spatio-temporal change of feature. Furthermore we show some application examples for some fields and illustrate business model based on this type of GIS.

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Spatial probabilistic modeling of slope failure integrated with GIS, an infinite slope stability model and a Monte Calro simulation approach is proposed, and applied to a landslide prone area of Sasebo city, western Japan. A digital elevation model (DEM) for the study area has been created at a scale of 1/2500. The effects of grid size to calculate slope angle and slope aspect from the DEM are discussed. Through the spatial interpolation of the stream network identified in the area, the thickness distribution of colluvium above Tertiary strata is calculated with good preciseness. Finally, by integrating an infinite slope stability model and Monte Carlo simulation with GIS and applying the spatial operation, two slope failure probability distribution maps are obtained for the cases of both low and high water levels.

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In order to assess the influence of global warming on alpine plants, an experiment has been carried out on Mt. Kisokomagatake (2, 956m), the Central Japanese Alps, using the ITEX (International Tundra Experiment) method. Five open-top-chambers (OTC) were set up, and vegetation distributions were observed in each OTC for the years 1997 and 2000. The temperatures at the surface and under ground were measured in each OTC as well as control plots from July 1996 to November 1998. The annual surface temperature in OTCs is about 1.1°C higher than that in the control plots. Under the greenhouse condition, Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum showed the remarkable expansion and intrusion into other species. In three OTCs without Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum, however, Vaccinium uliginosum tended to expand, and at the same time the other species could keep themselves. The area of died plants and non-plant decreased in this greenhouse experiment.

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Growing concern over spatial and skills mismatches has drawn attention to the geography of the low-skilled labor market in the U.S. Using a Geographic Information System, I examine the spatial distributions of low-skilled workers and jobs in Boston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. The results indicate that despite extensive employment suburbanization, central cities still have high concentrations of jobs, providing greater job opportunities than do most suburban areas. Workers are also highly concentrated in central cities but are more widely dispersed than are jobs. In central cities, low-skilled workers have fewer job opportunities than do high-skilled workers. In the suburbs, on the other hand, job opportunities are greater for low-skilled workers than for high-skilled workers, but this difference is relatively small.

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This paper examines job accessibility by travel mode in three U.S. metropolitan areas-Boston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. The computed job-access measures indicate that workers who depend on public transportation have much lower levels of accessible job opportunities than workers who have access to automobiles. The measures also indicate that despite substantial job suburbanization, central-city areas still offer more of a geographical advantage in accessing employment opportunities than suburban areas. The geographical disparity in job accessibility is much smaller than the auto/transit disparity, suggesting that travel mode has greater importance in determining job accessibility than location.

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GIS is used to screen the wind resource in Northern Kyushu, include Fukuoka-City and Kika-kyushu-City which are the most biggest cities in Kyushu Island. We identify areas for possible wind plant sites by overlay analysis in terms of several criteria such as wind power, slope, land uses and social conditions. We also apply AHP (the Analytic Hierarchy Process) to the target area to quantify the wind power potential. From these results, the best suitable site for wind power plant is screened out.

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This paper deals with methods for damage survey of buildings after huge earthquake. It is necessary to get information concerning damage of buildings as soon as possible. Actions obtaining damage information are restricted, because information required depends on a stage of the recovering proccess. Just after earthquake, information of collapsed buildings and fire are important and it can be got using remote sensing technology. Damage survey for each building, however must be done for information in detail to make recover or reconstruction plans.

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