This paper presents location-allocation model incorporated with location cost consisting of land acquisition cost, building construction cost, and medical equipment cost. The cost functions for the location cost are estimated using national data of public hospitals. Joetsu secondary medical area in Niigata Prefecture, Japan is selected as a study area, in which eight public medical facilities are located. The optimal locations for public medical facilities in this medical area are obtained by applying location-allocation model under the constraint to reduce 5% of current location cost as a numerical reduction target of location cost. It is clear that the optimal location consisting of five public facilities can reduce 5% of current location cost without hardly deteriorating access to facilities.

This study attempted to analyze tsunami evacuation behavior issues using trajectory data obtained via satellite positioning system in a heavy snow and cold area. This study chose Kushiro, Hokkaido as the research area, as this city has the largest population among the Hokkaido costal municipalities where tsunamis may be expected to occur. The mobile trajectory data were recorded with a handheld GPS (global positioning system) device in summer and in winter, and analyzed to compare summer and winter data. The mobile trajectory data were visualized by kernel density estimation focused decreases in walking speed using GIS (geographic information system). As a result, it was established that obstacles to the evacuation were different in summer and in winter. The study suggests the need to evaluate tsunami evacuation measures by season.