Recent years, for development of computer hardware and software, information processing is about to accoplish remarkable progress. While, today, space use on each floor of buildings is more various, and has become difficult to be grasped by methods of numerical or two-dimensional.
As a method of research, analysis and valuation on various space use on esch floor of buildings, we propose "three-dimensional mesh map" which is made of a cubic lattice with one unit-3.5m×3.5m ×3.5m, which is made out by three-dimensional computer graphics.

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It is a fundamental process of urban planning to determine the planning area or to divide the area into the zones in which the tendency on urban activities at each place is similar to others. The area dividing process can be formulated as a minimization problem of the sum of the generalized distance. This problem can be numerically solved by using Hopfiled Network which is a basic model of neural network theory.Applying the proposed method to the actual urban lattice data, we can obtain divided zones.

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This paper presents a perspective of market analysis using Geographical InformationSystems. There are three types of applications in this area. The first is MarketingInformation Systems. MIS provides retail managers two kinds of information for presenting market maps and defining retail trade areas. The second is geodemographics, which is used as a geodemographic discriminator for consumer behavior. The third is trade area analysis by spatial analysis and mathematical models. Spatial Decision Support Systems are discussed for optimal location of public facilities and private firms.

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Environmental issues involve a variety of underlying, interwoven factors.Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can be effectively utilized, both inanalyzing such factors and in organizing environmental preservation programs.This study aims to investigate, by utilizing GIS, the relationship between humanactivities and desertification in a semi-aridarea, based on which to proposefeasible measures toward sustainable aguriculture. An equation to compute theamount of soil loss was formulated from field data collected in Makutapora, andinput data to GIS are produced by digitizing existing materials available for thesurvey area, such as topographic maps and multispectral image data. The equationand data are then combined to GIS, in order to identify causal factors and assessthe areal distribution of soil losses

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In GIS field, road networks have been studied mainly from the view point of traffic flows or tranportation problems. This paper regards a road network as aspaceitself where geographic objects are located rather than as a component of a geographic space. Some objects can be located only along roads, especiallyin an urban area. Even in this case some researchers think that a plane can be used as a substitute for a network and it is an extra work to take account of network. This paper shows that some computations on a network are quite practical and easier rather than those on a plane. First the computation of the distribution about the nearest neighbour distance for given objects is shown.
Then the computability on a stochastic model is examined.

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This study aims at constructing the the tool for supporting the urban rehabilitation program in the low-rise high-density residential area. Supporting tool consists of three parts and each part have been working togeter with the planning process. At first we have experimented the method of GIS in the planning stage and have cleared up the reasonable data scale and data accuracy for this project. Second, we have simulated several planning operations and then adjusted the impacts on the physical town space. Third, we use it in the executive stage by expanding the functions for planning management and investment analysis. By using this tool in the practical planning process, it seems that the system archived to shorten some part of the planning process and to have objective agreement on the usefulness of the tool among the parties concerned in the project.

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For the purpose of using the town mapping data for statistical analy-sis of distributed elements, I have developed a method of data management for GIS which is constructed from geometric and text data of a town map. This paper describes how the data management architecture contributes to fast retrieval on GIS of mapped data. In particular the details of the relation between the geometric data and attributive text data are discussed. The developed method was very useful and effective in statistical analysis of distributed elements and in complex search.

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The modelling of geometric and image-based data is a main aspect of spatial data handling in GIS. And the modelling of time is also very important to consider history and prediction of the real world. Frist, this paper introduces a topological model for spatial objects, applying SDTS(Spatial Data Transfer Specification) and an object oriented approach.
Next, the structure of temporal object types is discussed, which consists of three parts. The first is the life period of objects. The second is pointer sequence to show previous objects. The third is pointer sequence to show objects occured from this object. This model can describe occurrence, change, and extinction of entities.
Finally, the spatio-temporal object type is derived from spatial and temporal object types.

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Usefulness and applicability of GIS for regional development planning studies of GIS are discussed with specific reference to two project case studies in developing countries involving large spatial databases. GIS was applied in a water resources master plan study of Kenya for determining land suitability for crops, and for determining areas of groundwater availability. In another regional planning study in Northeast Thailand, GIS was used for land use planning and for environmental planning. It was determined that the powerful inherent capacity of GIS as a Information Management Tool resulted in considerable savings of man-months. Display and manipulation of large spatial databases is also greatly facilitated by a GIS based approach which by conventional methods would have been difficult and very time consuming. The use of GIS for analysis also resulted in the evolution of a valuable digital natural resource database of immense value for planners in the concerned developing countries for future use and updating. For the development of a GIS, parameters such as the scale of base maps and detail of information input into the database were determined to be more important than the choice of computer hardware and software. Interaction among domain experts and the GIS expert as well as educating domain experts about GIS is very important for successful GIS implementation. Training and technology transfer issues need to be considered at an early stage when use of GIS itself is being considered.

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GIS has been applied in sales and marketing by the same way as using the printed maps. Most of GIS applications are aimed at supporting trade area analysis and territory assignment for a single store. Recently the mortorization and the highly advanced railroad expand the trip area of consumers and commuters. This situation makes GIS more useful for analyzing the large trade-area composed by stores seems.This paper outlines how GIS is applied in business and marketing and describe an attempt of applying GIS for the large trade-area analysis.

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The aim of this study is to develop a method to analyze land use mixture closely based on geographical information systems (GIS). To this end, a function that indicates land use mixture closely ( land use ratio function ) is proposed. First, land use ratio function is formulated. It is defined at each point of a region as land use ratio vector of the area within a circular window with center at the point. Second, the implication of the function is discussed. The function can be viewed as the differential of land use ratio when marginal problems are considered, and as an estimate of the probability vector of a model to simulate urban land use transition. In this model, the land use of each parcel has a multinominal distribution, of which the probability vector can be estimated by land use ratio function of the parcel. Third, two methods to determine the appropriate radius of the circular window based on Akaike information criterion are proposed.

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