Theory and Applications of GIS

Cognition of Spatial Variance in the Distribution of Point Objects

Yukio SADAHIRO

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.1

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This paper analyzes the cognition of spatial variance in the distribution of point objects. Spatial variance is one of the fundamental spatial concepts communicated by GIS, and has been widely used in its relevant fields such as geography, biology, and epidemiology. Communication of this concept, however, requires correct understanding of its cognition and proper choice of visualizing method. We hence employed two experiments to analyze the cognition of spatial variance in the distribution of point objects and build a model of the cognition of spatial variance. The obtained model was proved to be valid for representing the cognition of spatial variance. Some implications for GIS visualization are shown.

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Evaluation of the Grassland in the Aso Region for Preserving Landscape

Hong YIN, Mituo MOROZUMI, Kazuhisa IKI, Morito YAMAGUCHI, Riken HONMA

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 11-18
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.11

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The grand grassland is a typical landscape of the Mt. Aso region. As to the transformation of regional social structure, however, it may vanish in the near future. In order to preserve the precious landscape, GIS was employed to evaluate the degree of importance of grass landscape in the Aso region. The visible frequency from vantage points and points along the main roads of this area and the approaching distance to the roads were chosen as the criteria of evaluation. Spatial analytical protocols of GIS such as 3D model(TIN), buffer and overlay techniques were applied. Consequently, it became possible to extract the grassland which must be preserved.

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Study on Application of Geographic Information System to Construction of Rainfall-Runoff Model

Hidetaka CHIKAMORI, Taro OKA, Kaoru TAKARA, Go OKUBO

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 19-28
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.19

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Geographic Information System (GIS) was applied to the constructing process of the kinematic wave runoff model of the Nagi basin, which constitutes a part of the Ogura basin located in the south of Kyoto. It was clarified that the application of GIS facilitates a handling of many kinds of geographic data required in the process of estimating parameters of the rainfall-runoff model.
Moreover, the rainfall-runoff simulation was performed using the constructed model. The accuracy of calculated discharge caused by a half to one-day rainfall was sufficient for a practical use.

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Effect of Spatial Data Units on the Variance of a Regression Model Containing a Distance Variable Between a Pre-determined Point and the Spatial Data Unit

Naoto TAGASHIRA, Atsuyuki OKABE

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 29-38
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.29

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This paper investigates a problem which arises when we wish to estimate a regression coefficient using a distance variable between a pre-determined point and a spatial data unit. First, we show that the variance of the regression coefficient decreases with the number of the units and propose a desirable number of the units whose variance is close to that of a disaggregated model. Second, we obtain the shapes of the units that achieve the minimum and the maximum variances assuming a constant number of the units to examine the influence of the shape of the units on the variance.

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Analysis on the Fittest Fuzzy Tolerance at Overlay Operation and Discriminating Sliver Polygons

Tohru OHBA

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 39-48
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.39

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This paper aims to improve the confidence limits of the results of overlay and to increase the efficiency of the line work. First, regression analysis shows that the area sensitivity measure has a quadratic relation with the fuzzy tolerance. Second, the frequency distributions of sliver polygons are compared with those of the other polygons on compactness, perimeter and area. Compactness characterizes sliver polygons more distinctly than perimeter or area. Third, discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis correctly classifies 93 and 94 percent of polygons into sliver polygons and the others respectively.

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An Exploratory Data Analysis Tool for Detecting Hierarchical Characteristics of Point Patterns

Shino FUNAMOTO, Atsuyuki OKABE

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 49-58
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.49

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In recent years there is an increasing demand for spatial analytical capability in Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Linking GIS to Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) methods encourages greater functionality for efficient data management and visualization. First, this paper is to review existing recent papers dealing with integrated spatial data analysis with GIS. Second, a spatial analysis tool for detecting hierarchical characteristics of point patterns is proposed, and its implemetation in a GIS environment is shown.

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Experiments of Topologically Structuring Nonstructured Digital Map Data

Tadashi KAMIGORI

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 59-66
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.59

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The digital geographic data developing by the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) are widelyspread. But they are not suitable for basic GIS data, since they contain no topological information explicitly. The experiments reported in the paper attempt to add the topological structural information to "Numerical Map 10000" made by GIS. Specifically, we try 1) to transform administrative areas into polygons with standard topological structure and 2) to generate network structures from road edge data. We also discuss about the difficulties encountered in the experiments.

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Development of GIS with Knowledge Sharing Mechanism

Masahiro SHIBUYA

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 67-74
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.67

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A GIS is a system for analyzing and mapping spatial data. Mapping data sets consist of points, lines and polygons. A number of GISs have been implemented for retrieving and mapping spatial data. However, they cannot post-process queried information. Object-oriented models are very successful at representing multiple entities. It is possible to store histories for operation on GIS. I have developed Hokkaido Koudai-l(HK-1) using an object-oriented technology. This paper discusses design and implementation of these features including an evaluation of a prototype of HK-1.

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GIS-related Geomorphological Research in the USA

An Introduction to Five Projects

Takashi OGUCHI

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 75-80
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.75

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This note introduces five recent projects of GIS-related geomorphological research in the USA. These projects relate to debris hazard research (Colorado State Univ.), soil classification (Univ. Wisconsin-Madison), paleoflood geomorphology (Univ. Arizona), channel geometry analysis (US Department of Agriculture), and geomorphological application of digital elevation maps (US Geological Survey). Emphasis is placed on the increasingly important contribution of GIS to geomorphology and related sciences.

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The Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis and Its Projects on Geographic Information Systems and Urban Analysis

Narushige SHIODE, Michael BATTY, Martin DODGE, Bin JIANG, Mark THURSTA ...

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 81-86
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.81

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This paper introduces CASA, the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis and presents some of its projects in progress. CASA is a new initiative within University College London to develop emerging computer technologies in several disciplines that deal with geography, space, location and the built environment. The kinds of computation involved cover geographic information systems, computer-aided architectural design, spatial analysis and simulation and methodologies of planning and decision support. This article focuses on three of the GIS-oriented projects, VENUE, Space Syntax and DoE.

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On a Management and Reference Method for Image Data in GIS

ChangPing Zhang

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 87-94
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.87

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In this paper a method of managing and retrieving image data (e.g. aerial photograph) is proposed. An appropriate size of image data of one mesh is determined according to the computer memories and performance. Then location coordinates of each mesh are found through overlaying image with vector map. As a result, image data in an appointed area can be retrieved from index map which either has a background of a digital aerial image or not. A crossing decision method for retrieving image data is introduced in this paper.

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An Algorithm and a C-program Source for Automated Drainage Network Extraction

Michio NOGAMI

1998 Volume 6 Issue 1 Pages 95-102
Published: March 15, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.6.95

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We developed a flooding-type algorithm for drainage network extraction and show a full program source in the language C. The program generates automatically Drainage Direction Matrices (DDMs) from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) with sink holes. By using a random technique of random walk type, the drainage networks are processed adequately in flat plains or alluvial fans.

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