Theory and Applications of GIS

Globally Smooth Land Form Reconstruction from Irregularly Located Height Data

Kohei MUROTANI, Kokichi SUGIHARA

2004 Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 1-13
Published: July 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.12.1

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The purpose of this research is to construct a surface 1) passing through all unorganized data points, 2) with G1-continuity and 3) with the minimum square-sum of the principal curvatures k1 2+k2 2 over the surface. In order to construct surfaces with these three characteristics, we construct the triangular mesh spanning the data points, cover it with Beziex patches, achieve continuity between patches, and minimize the curvature to prevent the surfaces from having flat places and unnecessary undulations. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by computational experiments using actual land height data.

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Automatic Registration of Satellite Image to Map in Urban Area

Kensaku FUJII, Kenichi ARAKAWA

2004 Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 15-22
Published: July 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.12.15

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This paper introduces a fully automatic method for registering satellite images to vector maps in urban area. The key idea is to automatically match the man-made objects extracted from satellite images against the corresponding objects in maps. The proposed method consists of two procedures: feature extraction for matching, and determination of mismatch. We use the normalized difference vegetation index as a spectral indicator to extract matching features. The index is well known to provide accurate differentiation of vegetation from man-made objects. In order to minimize registration mismatch, we apply the voting technique based on the generalized Hough transform. The experimental results show that our approach can register satellite images against maps accurately; the registration mismatch is just a few pixels. We also applied our method to the multitemporal satellite image registration. It also offers reliable image-to-image registration.

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A basic study on providing meanings to distortions in historical maps and construction of their correction models

Toshio KOJIMA, Hidenori TAMAGAWA

2004 Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 23-33
Published: July 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.12.23

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The present study seeks to provide meanings to distortions in historical maps from Edo Period by using Euclidean regression analysis, which is already theoretically systematized in cognitive map studies of geography. As for meanings or factors of distortions, cognitive and other possibilities are presented. In addition, the present study attempts to construct correction models of historical maps based on characteristics of distortions found in the above-mentioned process of providing meanings to distortions.

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The Spatial Representativity of Temperature Data of AMeDAS as Revealed by the Variogram

Kazuyoshi HADANO, Takeki IZUMI, Daichi NAKAYAMA, Hiroshi MATSUYAMA

2004 Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 35-46
Published: July 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.12.35

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The spatial representativity of the annual mean temperature of AMeDAS is investigated using the variogram. In the variogram, the value called as "range" is regarded as the measure of the spatial representativity. It is found that the annual mean temperature have at least the spatial representativity of 50-100km. Also, the objective methods for estimating the spatial representativity are proposed; (1) the distance to adapt the variogram model can be determined by the Lepage test, and (2) "ranges" of a variogram with the nested structure can be detected by applying the nested variogram models. These methods are well functioned although the forms of the variograms are different one another. In addition, the following important findings are obtained; (1) "ranges" of variograms are not affected by the station densities, and (2) the nested structure appears when the study area is enlarged.

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An analysis of accessibility to spaces for disaster refuge considering danger of street-blockades caused by collapse of buildings on evacuation routes

Fusako ICHIKAWA, Tomohiko SAKATA, Tohru YOSHIKAWA

2004 Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 47-56
Published: July 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.12.47

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate accessibility to spaces for disaster refuge considering danger of street-blockades caused by collapse of buildings on evacuation routes. To this end, a model of street-blockades is developed based on Monte-Carlo simulation of collapse of each building using Tokyo Metropolitan Government GIS in the area around Machiya Station, Arakawa Ku, Tokyo. The situation of street-blockades caused by the collapse is illustrated and accessibility to spaces for disaster refuge is evaluated in terms of possibility, allocation, distances and routes of evacuation.

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An Experimental Approach to Identify the Key factors Influencing Pedestrian Search Behavior

Yoshinobu MAEDA, Akira IKARASHI, Eiichi TANO, Hideo MAKINO

2004 Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 57-66
Published: July 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.12.57

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In order to identify the key factors involved in pedestrian search behavior, we analyzed experimental data using statistical designs. Firstly a GPS-GIS-based search mechanism was used and search time, together with geographical characteristics of the town, luminosity and GPS accuracy with between 25.0m and 61.5m in SPS (Standard Positioning Service) were measured. Then the sense of direction of the subjects was derived from SDQ-S (Sense of Direction Questionnaire-Short Form). Statistical methods of regression and path analysis were applied to the data. Results from the analyses identified geographical properties such as the complexity of the road network and the geographical density of landmarks as being most influential in the pedestrian's search process. The accuracy of the GPS system itself was much less important.

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The Application of GIS for Estimating Distribution of the Habitat of Mountain Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus nipalensis orientalis) in Iwate Prefecture, Japan

Takehiko ITO, Naoko MIURA, Atsushi TSUNEKAWA

2004 Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 67-72
Published: July 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.12.67

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The mountain hawk-eagle (Spizaetus nipalensis orientalis) is a large forest-dwelling hawk. It is listed as an endangered species in "Threatened Wildlife of Japan-Red Data Book 2^nd ed." We used multivariate analysis to estimate the distribution of its habitat in Iwate Prefecture, northeastern Japan. We used presence/absence data from a 5-km grid, vegetation maps, and a 50m digital elevation model to construct statistical models. Most mountain hawk-eagles were observed at high elevations and on steep slopes covered by forests. Few were observed at low elevations, in shelving areas, and/or in artificially transformed areas. A statistical model using discriminant analysis successfully explained 80.4% of the distribution of presence/absence data. This result suggests that this model can predict the distribution of the habitat of the mountain hawk-eagle.

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Study on Strategy Using Road-network model for Disaster Mitigation

Go URAKAWA, Tomoaki SAITO, Takashi FURUYA, Satoru SADOHARA, Haruo HAYA ...

2004 Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 73-80
Published: July 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.12.73

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This paper aims at suggesting strategy for supporting various activities, which are rescue, fire fighting, and transportation of relief commodities and others after earthquake occurs by utilizing road network model. These activities must be considered time pass from emergency .response to recovery after earthquake occurs. It means that the road network model for supporting these activities must consider the physical changes from the damage to the restoration. Firstly, we researched the case of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake regarding to physical damage and restoration of road. Secondly, we built road network model by using node expansion model and examined the way of description considered physical and chorological changes of road after earthquake occurs. In order to reflect some changes of road, we assigned the priority cost to nodes. Finally, we developed prototype to search shortest path by using priority node cost and Dijkstra in city of Yokohama.

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Investigating Representative GIS Curricula in the U.S. and GIS Textbooks in English

Mizuki KAWABATA, Takashi OGUCHI, Atsuyuki OKABE

2004 Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 81-89
Published: July 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.12.81

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The GIS Association in Japan established a working group to develop GIS core curricula in October 2002. This article reports an initial work conducted by the group investigating GIS curricula in the U.S. and GIS textbooks in English. The first part of this paper describes the GIS curriculum projects carried out by two organizations in the U.S.: the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) and the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS). The second part examines items in these organizations' curricula and GIS textbooks in English. This report was prepared to provide data useful for the development of the GIS core curricula in Japan.

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An Introduction to Salton Sea Database Program (SSDP)

Kyosuke YUKAWA, Takahiro TANAKA, Satoshi YOSHIDA, Satoru SADOHARA

2004 Volume 12 Issue 1 Pages 91-95
Published: July 31, 2004
Released on J-STAGE: May 29, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5638/thagis.12.91

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This paper introduces the GIS project, Salton Sea Database Program (SSDP), as an example of the GIS database for natural conservation. The ecosystem in the Salton Sea area is dying because of the some kinds of contamination. So, the final goal of the project is to provide scientists and concerned citizens with spatial data and the information they need to decide how best to help the Sea. This project does not focus on the planning, but integrating and providing the information. The important thing we should learn from this project is the importance of the providing the information.

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