Generative grammar, proposed and developed by Chomsky in 20th century, aimed to describe human’s possibly genetic faculty of aquiring and using languages. Recent advancements of generative grammer, such as X-bar theory and minimalist program, seem to suggest that the essential portion of the generative grammatical theories might be applicable to other general systems, especially to biosystems. In this paper, phrase-structure-like structure and its possible (grammatical) rules were searched, listed, and analyzed by making comparison with language phrase-structure systems. Head-modifier phrase-like structures were wisdely observed in various biosystems, from molecular level to social and cultural levels. A considerable portion of such systems are very like the phrase structure systems found in the X-bar and/or Minimalist models of the generative grammar in human language systems. Origins of hierarchical societies and therefrom derived upper-leveled bioindividuals (superorganisms) (such as bee-superorganism and multi-cellular animals) or upper-leveled biomachine (such as protein-synthesizing machine) were discussed in detail from the aspects of generalided phrase-structure grammar and active (or autopoietic) evolution. Various phrase-structure-generating biosystems seem to be some kinds of cognitive biomachine, represented by hierarchical learning neural network machine. Accordingly, a possible proposal of "Generalized phrase-structure grammar" or "Generalized generative grammar" would mean that some essential underlying rules must be common to both language systems and other biosystems. Interdisciplinary research problems in these area were discussed.

ポリシチジル酸鋳型（poly(C)）存在下におけるグアノシン5'-モノリン酸2-メチルイミダゾリド（2-MeImpG）からのオリゴグアニル酸（oligo(G)）の生成反応（鋳型指示反応）に対する２０種類の生体必須アミノ酸の影響を初めて調査した．oligo(G)の生成量を３ないし７日間後に分析した結果，L-HisとL-Tyrを加えた場合に生成率は減少したが他のアミノ酸はあまり影響を与えなかった．鋳型指示反応にL-Hisを添加した場合には2-MeImpGが急速に減少しoligo(G)の生成が減少した．また，poly(C)が存在しない条件下での2-MeImpGの減少速度もL-Hisによって加速されることを見いだし，従って鋳型指示反応のHisによる阻害効果は2-MeImpGの加水分解の促進による．2-MeImpGの加水分解の促進はL-HisとD-Hisのどちらでも観測されたが，この反応はおおむね２次反応に従った．一方，種々の遷移金属イオンとアミノ酸とを含む溶液中では鋳型指示反応はかなり阻害された．以上の結果に基づいて核酸とアミノ酸の化学進化の関係について考察した．

We have previously proposed a hypothesis on the origin of genes, suggesting that genes generally originated from nonstop frames on antisense strands of GC-rich genes (GC-NSF(a)s) under the universal genetic code [Ikehara, K., et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 24, 4249 (1996)]. To obtain evidence for the hypothesis, simulation of gene evolution was carried out under the six conditions for folding of polypeptide chains into appropriate three-dimensional structures using a Mycobacterium tuberculosis GC-NSF(a) (508 codons) as an ancestor gene. The results showed that the simulation well reproduces both the base compositions at three codon positions and the average amino acid compositions of extant proteins encoded by microbial genomes when a conserved region (200 codons) in simulated proteins was set at about 40%. Contrary to that, the guanine composition at the first codon position and the average amino acid compositions considerably deviated from those of extant genes and proteins when the simulation was carried out using a Borrelia burgdorferi AT-rich gene as an ancestor gene in the presence or the absence of about 40% conserved regions. These results apparently support the GC-NSF(a) hypothesis on the origin of genes which we have proposed.