I applied LCA to non-feeding aquaculture and conducted the inventory analysis for scallops, sea tangles and brown sea weeds in this research. As a result, the cumulative CO₂ emission per million yen for scallops （ground sowing type）, scallops （hanging type）, sea tangles and brown seaweeds were 848.8, 1,125.0, 1,809.5 and 1,364.4 kg-CO₂ /million yen, respectively. Each main generating factor of CO₂ emissions was direct fuel consumption. On the other hand, since the large process of fuel consumption differed in each type of industry, it considered the reduction possibility for every type of industry. Moreover, I considered positioning of a type of industry and the validity of an analysis result which were investigated this time by comparing with the I-O analysis result.

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Recently, some local governments have refined biodiesel fuel from waste cooking oil for waste volume reduction and recycling. In this study, the recycling system which refining of biodiesel calculated CO₂ emissions based on data measured by LCA method. We compared CO₂ emissions when cooking oil was recycled into BDF and when it went through sewage treatment or was incinerated. The calculated CO₂ emission factor was 1.34～1.65kgCO₂ /L when cooking oil was recycled. The CO₂ emission by refining cooking oil was 41~52% less than that obtained by disel oil. The reduction for a year per capita was calculated as 265gCO₂ /year.

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Environmental policies in local government, operations and management of municipal waste treatment facilities with stoker type incinerators are examined by means of a nation-wide questionnaire survey. Most local governments have achieved reduction amount of wastes discharged and/or disposed. However, they have less performed in setting, and achieving targets of energy recovery volume and recycling volume. Furthermore, they do not sufficiently play in collaboration with other local governments in fully utilizing their existing treatment capacities for wastes from neighboring governments, except in the cases of disaster or accident events. This paper indicates a process flow diagram of expected responses of incineration facilities managers in the scenario of decreased volume of collected municipal wastes in the decline tendency of local population numbers: making out of services for partially operation methods in multiple furnace system in common, and followed by alternative courses of countermeasures in types of single or multiple treatment facilities.

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As corporate activities are needed for biodiversity conservation, a number of　companies have started to understand the relationship between their supply chain and biodiversity. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has become to assess environmental interventions throughout a life cycle of products or supply chain. However, most of LCA case studies focus on global warming such as carbon footprinting, a number of studies assessed an impact on biodiversity is still limited. Land use is considered as key inventory item to promote biodiversity assessment in LCA. This study aimed at the development of land use inventory database using input-output analysis. Thjs study estimated occupied land area caused by a certain amount of production activities. To verify the adequacy of this study, an estimation of land use area induced by Japan's domestic consumption was carried out.

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This experiment is designed to improve gasifiation efficiency of organic waste by methane fermentation using subcritical water processing. This paper explores the characteristics of organic matter decomposition and gasification of methane fermentation due to the differences in subcritical water processing. Asa result, while the temperature increase faciliitated organic matter decomposition, it did not effect gasification of methane fermentation, which instead showed high amount of gasification at 100 and 150 degrees. This result thus leads to the conclusion that the temperature range from 100 to 150 degrees is the optimum pretreatment condition for subcritical water processing.

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To determine the emission rate of plastic additives during service life of products, we measured emission rate of plasticizers from PVC and flame retardants from HIPS and PC-ABS used for home appliances by a micro-chamber method newly developed for SVOC. We also examined to estimate emission rate using the activation energy determined from the heating losses of plastic additives from resin at high temperature. As a result, we succeeded to estimate the emission rate of flame retardants which was below the detection limit measured by the micro-chamber method.

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The situation with collection of used cooking oil for production of BDF was investigated by through cross-regional comparison and examination of three municipalities with various collecting methods. These investigations found the project costs and the "collecting rates" of each municipality, and elucidated factors that have the most impact on the "collecting rates". In addition, benefit/cost analysis was carried out for hypothetical addition of one extra collecting base for th used cooking oil in each of the municipality.

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To clarify population dynamics and distribution characteristics of population increase and decrease areas in three major metropolitan areas, it was analyzed using the area mesh data of the population census. The reurbanization was seen in Kanto Metropolitan area that population growth rate was high in. But Chukyo and the Kinki Metropolitan area had few tendencies of the reurbanization. The population growth mesh has high agglomeration rate in a center without depending on population dynamics in the whole metropolitan area, and it forms big agglomeration area. On the other hand, the population decline mesh has low agglomeration rate, and it is hard to be formed in the big agglomeration area. In addition, in the metropolitan area of population decline era, population growth mesh and decrease mesh were distributed over the mosaic.

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In this study, we evaluated the effects of final demand in each prefecture of Japan on production and gross value added in Iwate Prefecture, Miyagi Prefecture, and Fukushima Prefecture, which had been struck by the Great East Japan Earthquake, by the multiregional input-output (IO) analysis. Production in Tohoku 3 Prefecture is greatly influenced from the consumption in neighboring prefectures in Tohoku district. Demand for the tertiary industries in Tohoku 3 Prefecture and that for the manufacturing industries in other prefectures induce production in Tohoku 3 Prefecture. The results will be expected to help as useful information for effective implementation of the earthquake restoration through our commodity consumption.

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In this study, the authors developed a word selection method based on the coefficients of variation on the number of paragraphs containing respective terms for analyzing the minutes of public work planning processes with text mining. As the result of applying the developed method together with Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) to the minutes of the Yodo River Watershed Committee, it was illustrated that the method was more effective than TFIDF in terms of comprehending contents of discussion in the committee.

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Local governments are requested to achieve a public consensus on planning and programming of waste management, especially when intend to transport wastes from wider areas or much more effectively recover heat energy potentials in waste treatment systems. In this research, citizens’ awareness, consciousness and opinions are analyzed for the purpose of framing-up or altering policies of municipal waste treatment and recycling in terms of questionnaire survey for community leaders in local communities. In the result of quantification method, the respond citizens are classified in two groups, namely as conservative or innovative, based on differences in a sense of NIMBY for waste treatment facilities, affirmative/negative attitudes to compensation to disadvantage around those facilities, and appreciation of magnitude and implication of solid waste issues. This paper shows the challenging issues to achieve public consensus on any proactive waste management strategy.

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We conducted an action research to improve the inappropriate disposal and separation of household waste targeting residents living in one-person apartments, who usually have a weak relationship with community. We conducted a quasi-experiment with three conditions each of which a notice encouraging appropriate disposal and separation behaviors is given to the residents: 1)only notice condition -- the notice is posted in the entrance of building, 2) greeting condition -- a resercher greets to residents，and 3) feedback condition -- gives feedbacks to residents about the amount of reduced inappropriate behaviors. Result showed that l) inappropriate behaviors reduced in all three conditions during the actions were implemented, 2) but inappropriate behavior increased after the actions were removed in notice and greeting conditions, but not observed in the feedback condition. This implies that it is important residents are informed about other residents do appropriate behavior.

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The total expense of cities and producers (and ratio) in Japan (2008) was examined, under the revised containers and packing recycling law, in the new condition, that got possible to grasp the expense of cities by wastes accounting standards. With the PET bottle, producers' expense was nearly zero and cities' expense was around 26 billion yen, and with the plastic containers and packing, producers' and cities' were both around 50 billion yen. It does not agree with EPR of OECD guidelines manual and it defers from the expense of Germany, Belgium and French. Some implementations of the law and additional deals are needed.

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In this paper, to identify industrial characteristics and indicate the effect factors in Kawasaki city, Japan we evaluate industrial eco-efficiencies of Kawasaki city by eco-efficiency indicator and compare these with national average. Industrial waste, energy consumption, and chemical emissions for PRTR are focused. As results, the eco-efficiencies of major industries in Kawasaki City such as oil, coal product are higher than those of national average, while the middle sized industries such as transportation industry show the opposite results. Furthermore, the total environmental impacts of each of waste and PRTR of industrial-wide in Kawasaki fall below the national average, while the environmental impact of energy consumption exceeds national average.

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In the United States, recently the use of soybeans as an energy source has drawn attention. It is concerned in Japan that if the use of soybeans for energy keeps increasing, not only the price of conventional soybeans, which is used for soybean oil, but also the price of non-genetically modified organism (Non-GMO) soybeans, which is consumed for food, will increase. This paper examines the price relationships between the non-GMO and conventional soybean prices, and energy prices such as those of crude oil and ethanol using the cointegration methods. The results suggest that the prices of the non-GMO and conventional soybeans do not have price relationships with those of the energy prices. This implies that the non-GMO and conventional soybean markets are not affected by the energy markets.

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Confirmations of environmental and social considerations are implemented by the Equator Principles, which is one of a worldwide guideline of private financial institutions. In this study, transitions of framework of confirmations of environmental and social considerations in banks in Japan by adoption of Equator principles were analyzed to be focused on confirmation of criterion, process, organization and timing. As a result, Guidelines within the bank were formulated, and confirmation of criterion and process were provided. Offices in charge of confirmations of environmental and social considerations were set up as confirmation of organization. About confirmation of timing, It would be able to confirm early on environmental and social assessment process in some cases.

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There have recently been problems in how to share the cost for environmental conservation that reflects the increasing number of visitors to mountainous areas in Japan. Hence, author intended to deal with a cooperative funding system for environmental conservation at Mt. Fuji which is located in Fuji-Hakone-Izu national park as a case study. The purpose of this study is 1) to grasp and to arrange the pros and cons of cooperative funding and their reason described by climbers, and 2) to organize the points under discussion and the tasks before the cooperative funding system is introduced. As a result, 7 points such as the aim of the funding system, the value of the park were organized. Lastly, from the viewpoint of contents and the direction in which stakeholde should discuss, 3 tasks were derived.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of trust in local government's forest management and effect by forest environmental tax in the prediction of the psychological processes of evaluation for forest environmental tax. A multiple group analysis in structural equation model is applied to show the differences of these influences between in the high interest group and the low interest group for local forest problem. The proposed model demonstrates that effect by forest environmental tax is the influential factors in the high interest group. On the other hand, in the low interest group, trust is the important factors.

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Considering of the impacts of pro-environlnental behaviors adopted by corporate business　on　corporate　sustainable　management, we　have　determined　a　variety　of pro-environmental behaviors adopted by corporate business as green marketing endeavors and attempted to categorize them. We have identified four aims of green marketing according to substantiality of green market segments and differentiability on greenness. Most cases of progressive green marketing in Japan show normative pro-environmental behaviors. These are followed by cases that are differentiated by their supply of innovative eco-friendly goods and services. However, a few pro-environment corporate businesses behaved in a manner consistent with their corporate philosophy and established themselves as green brands. The communication methods of corporate businesses differed according to their purposes of green marketing.

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Based on the hypothesis that actors playing a central role in a leading nonprofit organization could have high consciousness of the organizational management, this study conducted research on the correlation between centrality of social network and consciousness of organizational management in Maniwa-juku which is a nonprofit organization for a local revitalization. The results showed the correlation between social network and organizational climate. The case of Maniwa suggested that organizational climate, value and organizational learning are the essential components to contribute toward making the forward-thinking organization.

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This study is aimed to find "Environmental Management System(EMS) of way" in the future high school,focusing on other ideas on how to run,verifing the effectiveness of education in EMS,researching the effective way of EMS. As a method, We distribute a questionnaire to national EMS high school and investigate the relationship between "Education effect " and "EMS of a way". As a result, It became clearly to hope to continue to be "faculty person" "external audit", to review "Commission staff""outgoing" and to add "whole school study session" "training Auditor" "outside seminar" "interaction outside".

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This study aims to evaluate the effect of household characteristics change to environmental load related to Japanese food consumption. CO₂ emissions are estimated by individual/household attribute using micro data household expenditure data. Household and income Scenarios are developed for future estimation. In change from 1989 to 1999, increase of solitary household and aging was the most important factor rather than changes of CO₂ emission factor. CO₂ emission in 2030 will increase by 3-14% compared to 2000. In the middle scenario, the positive effect to CO₂ emission by household characteristics change and income increase are 11-12% of the emission in 2000. Each of effect offsets the effect of population decrease.

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Surabaya, with an area of 326.37 km² and 2.7 million inhabitants, is one of the most advanced cities in Indonesia in environmental management. In 2008, community-based　waste management accounted for almost 25% of the city's total generated waste at 2,185 ton/day, contributing to a 10% reduction in waste going to final disposal site from 2006-2008. This article examines how Surabaya expanded their CBWM to reach this rate, through a closer look at a partnership program known as the Green and Clean Program. The aim is to identify factors that influenced CBWM replication. We identified that the influencing factors are multi-dimensional, involving SWM aspects (participation, technical, financial, managerial, and institutional), actors (community, government, private sector), time (scaling up stages), and space (neighborhood, city), among other dimensions. We concluded that adoption of a similar CBWM program in another place should consider these multi-dimensional factors.

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Although previous studies have insisted that generalized and particularized trust contradicted each other, the analysis of previous studies have been limited at either individual or ecological level, and not considered the influence of community level trust on individual level trust. This study examined the interrelationships between these two types of trusts by multilevel analysis. The datasets were collected through the questionnaire survey to every household in all agricultural areas of three cities in northern Kyoto prefecture. The following results are obtained; 1) individual level different types of trusts are positively related to each other, 2)community level trusts do not have any influence on different types of individual level trusts, and 3)community level trusts have positive influence on the same types of individual level trusts. It would be desirable that generalized and community trusts are formed synergistically at both individual and community levels.

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In this research, l noted and evaluated a ripple effect of a community bus project in urban fringe area for regional society. So, l analyzed by the concept of social capital because community bus could be a contact point of wayside residents and they could interact. As a result, it was cleared that a community bus has a partial effect for enhancement of regional social capital, especially in terms of trust and norm within the residents. These point hold promise for improvement of efficiency of regional activities. But this result also showed that effectiveness of social capital was determinative and didn't have the function of information propagation and generation of human network.

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Recently there are many problems of living environment with the densely built-up area and the urban sprawl in local cities in China which have achieved rapid economic development. The improvement of living environment is required in terms of the city planning in the future. This study was conducted to investigate the evaluation structure and the residents needs of living environment in the city planning area of LangFang City in HeBei Province using the questionnaire survey data. As a result, it was found that the evaluation structure of living environment was composed of three factors; living comfort, community cohesion, and nature environment, and that the land cover of built-up area and agricultural land had an influence on the evaluation of living environment, and that the residents needs of living comfort were high.

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This study clarified the type of social network structure that influenced trust between community-related organizations. Our analysis identified that the specific index of the social network structure acted with the level of trust between organizations. This implies that, to build trust between inner and outer organizations of neighborhood associations effectively, we need to pay attention to the following three points: 1)reduce outdegree of a specific group, 2)increase closeness centrality and 3) mitigate constraints of the social network structure.

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It is necessary to let people living in urban area recognize the origin area of seedlings(rural landscape) for the impulsion of the replanting of native variety. Therefore, we carried out urban-rural interchange program which let people recognize the origin area of seedlings. And we made a target person the high school student (N=13) of the urban area. The constitution of the program is 1)lecture of the replanting of native variety and experience of the replanting unit production, 2)urban-rural interchange in the origin area of seedlings, and 3)evaluating the change of the sence of targets. As a result, targets deepened recognition to the replanting of native variety. And all targets got a feeling of connection with the origin area(rural landscape) by the replanting unit.

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The number of pet parenting has been increasing in Japan, and various problems such as noise, malodor, and insanitation had occurred. The purpose of this study is to examine the issues about improvement of urban environment in considering the raising dogs by a case study in Nagoya. The current state surrounding pet parenting in Japan was grasped. And, a consciousness survey of residents toward the improvement of urban environment related to raising dogs was conducted. As a result, the needs and the idea of cost burden for urban facilities, and emphasized policies were shown.

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In this paper, we constructed a model which an environmental tax was introduced as financial resource of environmental education investment. And, the effects of environmental education on consuming an exhaustible resource of the individual who has presented-biased preference were analyzed. As a result, it was shown that the exhaustible resource stock declined more because it excessively consumed the exhaustible resource by the degree of the presented-biased preference large in the first stage. However, introduction of environmental tax held down the overconsumption. Also, we clarified trade-off between the improving effect of social welfare by changing human behavior and the decreasing effect of social welfare by cutting income. Moreover, the difference of exhaustible consumption at the present period and the future period was reduced by introducing the tax for environmental education when we thought about each generation.

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It is important for a sustainable society to conserve "satoyama", bountiful nature and symbiotic relationships between human and nature. Today, environmental information that raises a consciousness for "satoyama" conservation and gives an incentive for conservation-behavior is necessary. This study focuses on the effects of past experiences in nature as environmental information. We conducted a questionnaire survey to clear up the effect of past experiences in nature on the consciousness and behavior for "satoyama" conservation, and further verified relationships between experiences in nature and behavior by means of covariance structure analysis. As a result, it is proved that experiences in nature, especially having contacts with nature and agricultural experiences have effects in raising a consciousness for "satoyama" conservation.

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After the transition to democracy, Mongolia has formulated a policy to promote sustainable development and bring an EIA system here. However, the EIA requires transparency and accountability, and these mechanisms are weak at the decision making level due to the influence of socialist procedures. This study reviews the current situation of public participation in EIA in Mongolia and aims to identify necessarily decisive issues with legislative processes regarding EIA law. The results show that the overall level of public participation in EIA is a token, close to non-participation in practice. To renew the EIA systemand methods of public participation is critical to formulate “meaningfull replies”.

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Environment Planning needs deliberation and multiple citizen participation. We held the meeting on environmental vision of Numazu City by randomly selected citizens. The method of the meeting was to choose alternatives after discussion. We build the framework for the discussion and evaluated if balanced discussion was implemented with analyzing aural descriptions of participants from recording. The result was that discussion was balanced and diverse. The framework was effective and the facilitator played an important role. Participants were likely to say faults of alternatives but rarely opposite to each other. One day discussion was effective as learning process but insufficient as deep discussion for group decision making.

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Relationships between change of threatened plant species Penthorum chinense population and management of fallow paddy fields in the Nishida river basin, Ibaraki prefecture were investigated. Soil water contents were significantly greater at the habitat of P. chinense. Plowing or mowing was practiced as management in fallow paddy fields where P. chinense was found. But when management was discontinued, P. chinense disappeared in a few years. Keeping soil in fallow paddy field wet and vegetation management were important to preserve P. chinense population.

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In the biotope " Inochinomori " , fungal fruiting bodies of total 300 species in 45 families were found during 14 years from the establishment. Among them, 283 species were basidiomycetous fungi, and 17 species were ascomycetous fungi. Furthermore, epigeous fungi were 186 species, and the number of species started to increase two years later from the establishment in 1998 with the peak in 2001. Generally, fruiting period was from May to July and September through December. In the early days, Laccaria ohiensis, Hebeloma sacchariolens, and Scleroderma areolatum occurred in abundance, but the occurring number of those fruiting bodies sharply decreased after 11 years in 2007. In terms of species number, many species in the genus Inocybe were found in the early days, but the species composition was started to change to the late-stage species in the genera Cortinarius and Russula from four years after establishment in 2000. These results clearly indicate that the aboveground fungal flora has not remained in early-stage but already changed to late-stage during these14 years.

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In the river installed the preventing sand erosion dam in the Miura peninsula, we understood the rise and fall at the season and the egg laying situation of Wrinkled Frog (Rana rugosa) around the breeding time. For the upstream of Morito (800m section) and the Osawadani stream (1,500m section), the watching individual confirmation and the egg batch number confirmation. 354 individuals in total and 133 egg batches were confirmed in the Morito upstream, and 203 individuals in total and 152 egg batches were confirmed in the Osawadani stream. Both are concentrated on a gradual lotic environment, formed on the upstream side of the preventing sand erosion dam. It was guessed that it was an important space for this kind of living and egg laying.

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A predictive distributional model of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) is useful for the effective management of the species’ habitat. Applicability of a previously developed model to the Tanzawa local bear population was examined. Three different types of animal presence data were collected for validation of the model. The overall rate of correct classification was 67%?85%, indicating that the model can be extrapolated to other local populations with acceptable transferability. Accuracy of the model’s predictions differed depending on the data sampling design most likely as a result of bias in one of the sampling methods. The model tended to underestimate the actual presence of bears. We attribute this underestimation to 1) properties of the particular habitat used by the local Tanzawa population and 2) the model’s greater ability to predict the habitat of mountain bears than that of Satoyama bears.

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Ecolocigal function and structure of three different type microcosms was composed. As a results, the naturally derived type microcosm and the stress selected type microcosm were not suitable for a standard risk assessment tool because of their stability of ecosystem structure and function, but the gnotobiotic type microcosm indicated high stability and reproduciblility. The gnotobiotic type microcosm was considered to be one of the standard tool for the environmental impact risk assessment from the viewpoint of ecosystem function.

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Oguraike drained land in Kyoto prefecture, Japan, had rich aquatic plant diversity before drainage. The purpose of this study was to consider possibility of restoring endangered wetland plants, and to reveal effect of subtle relative elevation on germination and growth of wetland plant species by conducting submergence test in a fallow paddy field. As a result, the possibility of restoring two endangered species, Rotala pusilla and Chara braunii, was demonstrated under the environment having water fluctuation. Six species frequently observed were analyzed by Generalized Additive Model. Subtle difference in relative elevation affected probability of occurrence for Lindernia sp., Ludwigia decurrens, Cyperus difformis and Leptochloa chinensis.

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Species and abundance of odonate larvae were surveyed periodically at a littoral zone in an irrigation pond, in order to evaluate the effects of re-inundation after a long-term surface-exposure. The survey was done at ten plots on the shallow littoral zone with emerging plant community in 2010. Eight species and 68 individuals of odonate larvae were captured in November, nevertheless surfaces of the most of the plots were exposed until 2 days before of the survey date. Thus, it was estimated that a littoral zone’s potentiality as habitat for odonate larvae was restored by rise in water level.

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This paper was under taken in order to classify aerial photograph by using maximum likehood classification on GIS. Results are as follows: 1)Classification of aerial photograph that composited LANDSAT/ETM data band4 was found to have higher the average of classification accuracy than aerial photograph of no composite. The improvement rate was 5%. 2) If the high resolution aerial photograph was used, such as residential district and track that is easy to mix pixel in low-resolution satellite was possible to classify it in higher accuracy.3) Appearance of urbanization by forest development and invasion of bamboo influenced by ground level environment to forest was able to be caught in detail by the overlay analysis between the ages in the land cover classification map. Therefore, this technique becomes one of the new methods of analyzing a remote sensing.

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Kunigami-village, Okinawa, is a core habitat of endangered species and I have analyzed the forest age distribution using the forest register. Before this analysis, I corrected forest compartment maps, many of which had lost the subcompartment numbers linking them with the forest register. In this study, Matured forests are found in the more innermost depths and on the east side of the area. However, some of them were lost after Okinawa's reversion to Japan in 1972. Many forests were renewed from the mid-1920 to 1930s in addition to those in the 1950s which are well-known. Almost all of the forest has been impacted by humans. Matured forests are important and we have to protect them. Conversely, we have to study past human impacts to improve forest operation so as to live with endangered species in second growth forests. The forest register is an important tool to manage that.

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Shrinkage of the Aral Sea has advanced with development of irrigation. In order to minimize wind-blown sand, plans for afforestation of the dried seabed of the big Aral Sea were initiated. We classified the land cover using satellite image of Terra/MODIS based on truth data of 2006 and analyzed influential factors for halophyte trees distribution by developing a tree model. Halophyte distributed in 24% of the dried seabed while rest of the area was almost salty bare ground. Number of dried years and distance from the old coast contributed most to distribution pattern of them, and appeared to occur on there of over 15.5 years and near the seed source area. However, it did not appear on recently dried seabed. Thus, it would be difficult for the afforestation on the seabed.

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The most important forest ecosystem services with regard to the carbon cycle?biomass production and carbon sequestration rate?were evaluated using a process-based biogeochemical model of forest ecosystem (BGC-ES). The location and characteristics of the forest in the Ise Bay basin were collected into a GIS database. 5-km mesh distributions of the forest ecosystem were evaluated for the period of 1960s?2040s under two different scenarios: continued forest management (FM scenario) and discontinued forest management practices from 1990 (Unmanaged scenario). The ES showed a peak in the 1980s?2000s owing to the extensive conversion of the forests in 1960. Further, the ES were estimated to decrease in the future under the unmanaged scenario.

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The utilization of natural energy in order to prevent global warming and to prepare for the depletion of fossil fuels is a worldwide trend. Natural energy as represented by photovoltaic power generation has been discarded and not been utilized previously, but must be exploited efficiently. I considered the construction of new system by direct generating and use for the purpose of "securing electricity to be necessary in the spot to be necessary" by this energy. This research attempted to construct a system of generating electricity by means of photovoltaic power generation for the water area purification device to prevent eutrophication in closed water areas by employing an electrolytic method. The new system demonstrated the same excellent ability to improve water quality as that of the current electrolytic treatment, and is thus considered to be more environmentally-friendly.

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This study investigates a method to calculate nutrient emission factors using existing in formation based on mass balance in orchard and also evaluated the applicability and availability of the calculated emission factors in the Kinokawa River Watershed. The results showed that it was possible to calculate emission factors for applying for a pollution load and river water quality analysis. Moreover, the advantage of this method is that emission factors could be simply calculated using an amount of fertilizer. That is why the calculation method of emission factors examined in this study makes it easy to estimate the reduction of nutrient runoff based on managing the amount of fertilizer.

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Lake water samples taken from a coastal sand dune area were chemically analyzed, and subjected to statistcal analysis and thermodynamic calculation. The calculation results that the major factor to control the water chemistry is water-rock interaction and the sea-salt effect is relatively small.

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The removal amount of nitrogen at a percolation spill-over irrigation paddy field has been increasing proportionally to more than a certain T-N concentration of irrigation water concentration. The other side, not more than that certain concentration was affected by water pollutants. That is to say the paddy field has a boundary concentration which is the irrigation water concentration in which neither purification nor contamination appear. The T-N boundary concentration is 1.5mg/L - 2.0mg/L, although, T-P is 0.24mg/L - 0.25mg/L. In this research study, we investigated the boundary concentration of T-N,T-P,NO₃-N and COD in a percolation spill-over irrigation paddy field which has an area of 1.7 hectare, and uses Inba lake water for irrigation. Also, we examined a column experiment used to study the field’s soil to reproduce the result at field test. As a result, the field research and column experiment were an approximated concentration of past reports. So, we confirmed reproducibility and credibility.

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To clarify the water preservation grade in soil buried bamboo charcoal, which is applied for light and thin base of rooftop greening, laboratory experiments were carried out by using lamps as heat source. Water content in soil buried bamboo charcoal beneath was 2-3 times higher than that without bamboo charcoal or buried with plastic bullets at seven days after spring water, Soil water content with bamboo charcoal was also intentionally higher than that buried with oak tree or coconut husk charcoal. Little difference was found statistically between different shapes of bamboo charcoal or soil structures, but carbonization temperature of bamboo, 620 and 780℃ are better than 430℃ for soil water preservation.

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In this paper, land management appropriate to the advantage of the land is considered by focusing on the relationship between the land utilization and the soil composition of scattered public lands, using the "Minuma-tanbo Public Land Promotion Project" as a case. The soil is andosol, in which phosphate tends to be depleted, and there is much humus with a great amount of plant remains buried underground. A possibility was suggested that in the "Minuma-tambo Welfare Farm" which reduces compost to soil, a soil system with sufficient phosphate and potassium has been constituted. There are many citizens' activities which have as their objective, rather than profitability, the gaining of a feeling of accomplishment by putting in a lot of work, and it is considered that such farming methods put to good use the advantage of the land of Minumata-tambo as well as raise the attractiveness of conservation activities.

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