This study aimed to analyze the changes of green coverage in the gardens of detached houses by interpretation of aerial photographs. The results are as follows; 1) A correlation between ratio of green coverage and lot area is more significant in backyard than front yard. 2) Minimum of the ratio in all target lots depends on lot area. It's about 10% at 200m² lot, about 15% at 280m² lot, about 20% at 330m² lot. 3) In the lot where the houses haven't been renewed, the ratio grows in 15-25years after development of the area. But in 25-35years after that, the ratio start to drop down at 20% at 200m² lot, 30% at 330m² lot. 4) In the lot where the houses have been renewed, the ratio after the renewal depends on lot area. It's 6-9% at 200m² lot, 9-20% at 280m² lot, 15-19% at 330m² lot.

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This research aimed to assume the relationships between intercept planting on road side green area, called Sousei-gawa green area in Sapporo, and psychological impact of through traffic on their user. Students and curators who have young children evaluated the impressions of 16 sets of 3 simulated photos, which were modified the types of intercept planting and car existence, using SD methods. Three factors consisted the comprehensive evaluation, the silence and the sense of relief, were extracted by the factor analysis. While the intercept planting which screened out the cars made the comprehensive evaluation and the silence higher, a different tendency of the sense of relief was shown between students and curators.

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In this study, the questionnairing and investigations into the condition for using air-conditioning system were conducted and analyzed residents' consciousness of urban heat island phenomena and the difference of energy consumption for cooling. As a result, concerning residents' consciousness, the influence of using air-conditioning system for cooling was most remarkable and next was human health. Throughout Osaka Prefecture, more than 80% of the residents answered that the countermeasures against heat island phenomena is indispensable. Finally, on the basis of these investigations, the target of the countermeasures against heat island phenomena was set.

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In this research, it aimed at clarifying relation between the appearance of butterflies and dragonflies, and the temperature environment of a big tree. A result is shown in the following; 1) Even if it was one big tree, when meeting conditions with various temperature environments, it was able to observe that a big tree was important as a habitat of a butterflies and dragonflies. 2) The big tree is functioning as a stepping stone for a butterfly or a dragonfly. 3) A big tree, water, wood, a vegetable garden, etc. are designed in one, and the appearance of a butterfly and a dragonfly increases by making temperature environment various.

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In some natural parks, the increase of personal water crafts seems to cause the impact on their natural resources and visitors' experience. Some parks administrators have realized such problems, and they have practiced several control methods through law enforcement, by-laws and self-imposed rule. We gathered information about the method and process of some use adjustment, and interviewed related officials and personel. Results suggests the necessity of close connection among stakeholders, and the importance of public participation.

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In order to evaluate surface-cooling effects of high-albedo paints, we analysed the surface heat budget of concrete blocks coated with high-albedo paints by observational data and numerical model. The analytic results based on observational data showed, for example, that the downward sensible heat flux from air to white-painted blocks appeared in the daytime. To validate these results, we developed a one-dimensional surface heat-budget and heat-conduction model. From the results of numerical simulations, characteristics of surface temperature and heat budget were well represented by the model.

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In this study, we examined to classify tree species in a mixed forest at Tama Forest Science Garden based on color change of leaves, defoliation transition during the leaf falling period, and stand structure. We used the time-series orthoscopic images generated from the seasonal aerial color photographs and time-series crown height data generated from the airborne laser scanner data obtained during the defoliation period. In addition, we tried to compare the classification result by the proposed method with the result of airphoto interpretation in order to examine the applicability of the proposed method. As a result, the proposed method was effective in detecting Castanopsis Sieboldii, Zelkova serrata, Quercus serrata, Cryptomeria japonica, and other tree species with substantial leaf color change. Furthermore, the proposed method was very useful for classifying tree species with different foliage time, such as Zelkova serrata and Quercus serrata, permitting planar understanding of the stand structure.

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This study aims to analyze the complexity of land use by using a new analytical concept of complexity. The point of this concept is using the area and the edge divided to each land use to analyze land use classification. The edge is expressed as the number of land use classifications touched each other. Moreover, there is an edge distance that is the distance of the boundary of land use touched each other. Consequently, the calculation of the edge of each land use classification and the edge of different each land use classification became possible. In addition, the state of complexity is analyzed from point of the concept called quantitative complexity that shows absolute quantity of edge, and also from the point of intricateness that shows a concept called intricate complexity. And these concepts made quantitative understanding and analysis of complex land use classification possible.

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In making a mesh climatic data, neural network and multiple regression were normally used to estimate climatic data from topographical factors in areas where observed climatic data do not exist. In this study, accuracy of both methods was analyzed by leave-one-out cross validation method. As validation data, normal value of daily mean temperature of 91observation points around Kanto area in Japan was used as dependent variable. 14kinds of geographical factors such as altitude, latitude, longitude, etc. were used as independent variable. When all the data were used in obtain the equation for prediction, the neural network showed smaller errors than the multiple regression. In the case of leave-one-out cross validation, the neural network showed larger errors. When the network with larger repetition of training, the error increased. This result indicates that the estimation with neural network is not necessarily precise.

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To study the relation between thermal index and thermal sensation in the outdoor environment, we conducted micrometeorological measurements and interviews in two different outdoor spaces, which are one park and one square in Matsudo, Chiba Prefecture. The relation between micrometeorological factors (air temperature, wind speed) and thermal sensation in two spaces was investigated and compared. Using the standard new effective temperature(SET^*) as a thermal index, we analyzed the relation between the thermal index and thermal sensation in two different outdoor spaces. In this study, it was showed that thermal sensation in two outdoor spaces was almost in the range of the comfort of SET^*. The range of thermal comfort in park, however, was wider than that of SET^*.

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This study was examined a new generation method for the ASTER-NDVI image at the non-observational day using the temporal MODIS data. It was focused on pixel sizes of ASTER data and MODIS data, and it was feature of this method that effects of land cover classifications were quantitatively analyzed the amount of NDVI changes. Newly "Land covering ratio (termed LCR)" was proposed, and it was indicated that relevance both MODIS-NDVI and ASTER-NDVI was analyzed with LCR quantitatively. This method can improve the spatial resolution of the MODIS-NDVI image by using the statistical technique with LCR. However, when this method was applied to the temporal analysis of ASTER-NDVI, the problem was left in the representative category of the land cover condition.

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Recently, it is required to investigate the distribution of vegetation-covered areas on a regional scale for not only the improvement of urban environment but also the conservation of ecosystem. The spatial continuity of vegetation-covered areas like green corridor plays an important role for the preservation of ecological balance especially. For the analysis of the spatial distribution of vegetation-covered areas on a regional scale, we defined the NDVI calculated from Landsat ETM+ data as the potential of the existence of vegetation-covered areas, and applied them to the analysis using local spatial autocorrelation. The areas that showed the strong spatial autocorrelation from a narrow range to a wide range were interpreted as high-potential areas on the spatial continuity of vegetation-covered areas. The new map of spatial scale of clumping vegetation-covered areas, which presented contour lines based on fluctuations in the number of the range of the strong spatial autocorrelation, was proposed.

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In the case of urban planning, it is necessary to quickly collect objective and scientific material and a lot of urban environment information. It is possible to quickly collecting the material, if the computer is utilized in order to carry out quantitative analysis of structure and form of urban area and extraction of the change region which arose by the progress in the time, etc. In this study, the structure of the urban area is quantitatively evaluated by the fractal analysis of aerial images which photographed actual area from the air. Then, it is shown that the classification of the form is possible. The extraction technique of the change region in the urban area using fractal analysis of aerial images of identical area photographed in the different time is proposed. Consequently, it is clarified that the fractal analysis method is an effective method for quickly collecting basic date in urban planning.

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This paper presents an improvement guideline of irrigation reservoir as environmental resources. In order to classify reservoirs for improvement planning, five common factors were extracted from factor analysis of fourteen indicators. Through cluster analysis, reservoirs could be classified in five groups: big reservoirs, irrigation reservoirs for agricultural propose, rural reservoirs adjacent to residential area, small reservoirs in urban areas and small reservoirs in rural areas. Also, characteristics of reservoirs improved as urban parks and as rural improvement project were analyzed, and compared with those groups to see conditions for selection for improvement planning. The selection method shows that the improvement planning emphasizes the use of reservoir as irrigation facility or as environmental resources.

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The purpose of this study is to make clear to functions and form and expectation to functions and form in the airlock entrance and the around space. The questionnaire is distributed to residents in Muroran city for this study. And the form of the airlock entrance was explored. The results are as follows; 1) The resident expects many functions to the airlock entrance. 2) The form factor which influences the satisfaction to a function is "area", "number of steps of stairs" and "the position of stairs" of the airlock entrance. 3) The residents' satisfaction of the expected function increases by "area of the airlock entrance is made into 2.0 or more mats", and "stairs are installed inside the airlock entrance".

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This paper deals with the outcome of improvemsnts to waterfront facilities along rivers running through urban areas. It discusses the construction of and improvements to riverfront facilities, taking into account the results of water quality research along those rivers. The nature of waterfront land usage, as well as the water quality of several rivers running through urban areas, was investigated through field research. It was found that construction of and improvements to areas along urban rivers could roughly be divided into two aspects: linear utilization including river-side lands, and two-dimensional utilization limited to the areas within the river banks. It was found that by improving the usefulness of the waterfronts to the local populace, access to rivers is increased, providing enjoyment and healthful recreation to the citizenry.

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This research aimed to consider about the Personal Watercraft use management on Japanese National Park Areas, referring to the U.S. National Park Service Cases and their surroundings. NPS has prohibited the PWC use in their areas except some National Park unit. The Personal Watercraft Industry Association claimed that the regulations were unreasonable and unsupported by evidence and arbitrary, but these trends were supported with the NPS missions. There are not only PWC use regulations, but strong enforcement of boating and navigation law and mandatory boating safety education for PWC users. They were necessity for Japanese PWC users.

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I took thought of tree on the occasion of tree planting of Midoricho, Musashino housing complex rebuilding of construction in 1957 and did the green agreement formation by inhabitants participation. I stored effective practical use of tree by green bank technique here, and tree of a residence area (a mechanic outside of a ward area) where I did not usually use a rebuilding mechanic ward from the start together to transplant was able to utilize transplant. I increased, and practical use of mechanic outside of a ward transplant for one quarter was effective by step-by-step construction 33% practical use of tree distributed over the housing complex whole in what I introduced mechanic outside of a ward transplant into. In addition, by subdivision of the inhabitants participation period mechanic ward based on the agreement formation, it shared it that it was promoted tree planting by a maintenance tree planting rival of tree.

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This study analyzes the present states and characteristics of forest structures in buffer greenbelts constructed approximately 30 years ago under joint welfare facility construction projects, and examines the effects of the pattern planting method used to plant trees in the greenbelts. All trees growing in a buffer greenbelt in Nakashima District, Himeji City, Hyogo Prefecture, were surveyed. The number of surviving trees was 15 to 20 trees per 100m² regardless of planting density. Although pattern planting was used to design forest stratification, the intended stratification was not achieved. The forest showed three forest types which differed in tree height and trunk diameter at breast height.

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This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of thermal environment improvement by transpiration of wall-greening. Hedera canariensis, which are commonly used for greening walls, were planted in planters, and their transpiration rates were monitored by weight measurements. As results of experiments, amounts of transipiration value a day is about 0.6mm and the rate of latent heat flux by transpiration to net radiation is about 25%. These results show the latent heat consumption of transpiration at greening system to prevent increase sensible heat and cooling load.

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In this study, field surveys and numerical simulations concerning roofing unit covered with greens were conducted and evaluated on the ability in mitigating outdoor thermal environment and reducing energy consumption for air-conditioning system. As a result of field surveys, Hedera herix excelled in durability of generating evaporative latent heat, but Sedum album or only soil made progress in desiccating immediately. And as a result of numerical simulation, by installing roofing unit covered with greens, it produce the effect on mitigating thermal environment and reducing energy consumption for cooling. These effects were remarkable in Hedera herix.

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This report describes joint public welfare institution projects for constructing buffer greenbelts to separate residential and industrial areas to control industrial pollution during the period of rapid economic growth. The effects of financial support given to municipalities by the national government in the projects were analyzed by comparing the financial structures with those of projects of constructing city parks. The investigation showed that the common welfare facility system reduced the expenses of local municipalities (rate of local burden) to a half or less of the sum paid by the municipalities in the city park construction projects. The initial construction expenses (rate of municipality's money) were also 1/5 to 1/3 of those in the city park projects, suggesting that the common welfare facility projects effectively supported the finances of local municiaplities.

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This study was going to clarify what kind of plant grew a wall surface of a building under what kind of condition how when was planted. As for the choice of introduction class, many kinds are given, but the technique and the situation of early stage of growth do not always become clear when use it in a wall surface in reality. When plant trees with a crane plant in a building wall surface of medium size or small size apart from large-scale wall surface planting, become important when it can advance by future wall surface planting to clarify which kind grows it how at which place. Being different in growth of a kind by a direction, an indicator of quantity such as the lightweight soil which used having been shown, a difference of growth by introduction class became clear each and understood fitness by this investigation.

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A variety of revitalization programs are developed on the hot spring area in various places. As for town planning on hot spring area, it is given priority easily by the tourist, and many of revitalization programs are the facilities construction, and the facilities maintenance that centers on the tourist. Originally, the town planning of hot spring area should be attractive for both the resident and the tourist. Hot spring areas in the whole country are targeted, and revitalization programs investigation is done. The questionnaire based on that result of the search was distributed to Ikaho hot area. By the questionnaire, we read out that resident think revitalization programs and life environment, the charm of hot spring areas etc. It's intended that we sort out the charm of town and development item, deliberation item. According to the results of the questionnaire, we promote simultaneous pursuit of the hard and soft project, especially we should always value the charm of hot spring area in the hard projects. It's desirable to the resident's hope consort revitalization programs.

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To promote exchange between cities and depopulated areas, a need for marketing has begun being pointed out, and as for the theoretical background of marketing, the consumer behavior has attracted attention. This study reviewed the existing research from the viewpoint of the chain regarding the principles of visitor behavior, and considered the future prospect of the research on consumer behavior in promoting outdoor experiene-type recreational programs. To elucidate the mechanism of the choice of destination, the desire to use the provided services and the relationship between the degree of satisfaction and the intention to make repeat visits, through the research on consumer behavior, is an effective planning technique for operating programs attractive to repeat visitors. From now on, the accumulation of research for providing services menus which correspond to a variety of visitors will be expected.

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This research aimed to understand the interrelation between residents and the river, paying attention to changes in the river environment. Therefore, it examined literature data concerning the transition of the regional environment and the river environment improvement. The change in the relation between residents and the river were identified by an interview given to residents residing near the river. As a result, the river, which had natural environment, was seen in relation with residents in various aspects, and value as a social space that residents could freely use was high. And the river as an industrial environment was recognized as an external facility, which did not have a direct relation on the life of residents, and diluted their consciousness of the river.

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The study targeted the issues of lack of manpower and a member ageing. We aimed to clear any thinking process from going to the open-space to getting motivation to belong to the civic activity. We searched for the academic students to be typical of young men. If there are open-spaces within 930m from campus or within 500m from living area, the students are going to open-space strong probability. And going to open-spaces advanced to high evaluation to there. Additionally, there should be open-space within 2km in order to the students wanted to belong to the activities. These results, we showed the young men's thinking process from going to open-space to participate the civic activity.

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This research focused on the qualitative analysis of art-based community development activity, using the idea of social capital (SC). Grounded in interviews to the leaders of communities, we investigated the process: how community and residents changed through the activities. The analysis on change of relations between community components showed that this activity formed SC relevant to networking, for example, participation of aged people, and interaction with ex-regional actors. It also showed the formation of cognitive SC, which is said to be difficult to form but essential for sustainable development. This suggests the possibility of art-based community development activity featured by its empowerment to promote resident participation.

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In this research, it advanced the examination that classified the resources for tourists and extraction of new view point based on geographic condition. The concept that activates the aim of a regional reproduction by sightseeing, and the economic activity is presented. And, the construction of Kita-Kanto express way is advanced, and the environment in the region changes greatly in the Ibaraki Prefecture northern part. Therefore, it tried to arrange, and to informationize current tourist information potential in the region using geographic information system. As a result of the examination, it made the map that arranged tourist information. And, it presented the making case with a new tourist route.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effect of greenery in terms of design to the favored scenery by citizens in Osaka City. As a result, the following becomes clear. The appearance type of greenery has seven types. The both side greenery, the center greenery and the floor greenery are the prototypes. The number of prototypes of the greenery landscape is nineteen. Those are the effect of induction of eyes, the effect that emphasizes the profundity impression and the depth perception by the formation of vista and perspective. Greenery becomes main objects of scenery. As the foreground of the building, greenery has the effect of an adjustment reducing a scale, the effect of hiding behind and the effect that emphasizes the front nature of a building. Greenery has the effect that harmonizes between a building and the front river and makes the impression of spatial range.

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The tourist's and resident's recognition or impression of an introduced Taiwanese squirrel in Kamakura City was clarified by means of questionnaire and semantic differential (SD) method. The residents as subjects were selected from Hase and Ofuna area. The squirrel has inhabited on an earlier time in Hase area and recently in Ofuna area. The tourist's cooperation to our survey was obtained at six sights through out the Kamakura area. As a result of SD method, three groups i.e. two residents' and the tourists' were classified through the difference of judges caused by the frequency in contact of Taiwanese squirrel and by the experience of its harm. Most of tourists do not know correct information about the introduced squirrel, and even if they notice its harm, there is a tendency for them to receive it affirmatively.

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Information on visitor flows is critically important when we discuss the problem in national park. So objective of this study was to quantify visitor flows with auto counter and self registration book. As a result, we could collect information on visitor flows if we corrected counter data.

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The object of this study is to develop the framework for the scenario approach-based strategic plans for biodiversity conservation, and to quantitatively examine potential effects of the plans. The analysis is made by being interfaced between land cover and driving force elements to maintain biodiversity and for example the change of the amount of population, land use, industrial structure. We choose the Arakawa river basin as study area. We have designed several scenarios based on some conceptual descriptions and quantitative GIS data. Conservation policies were planned for each scenario and their implementaion effects were estimated by developing the habitat prediction models. As a result, potential improvement effects of various policies are examined in the three future scenarios and a Business as usual scenario. The study found the importance of making a strategic biodiversity conservation policy in conjunction with future land use changes.

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To clarify actual conditions of canal maintenance and the possibility of residents' participation, we made a field study in two rural communities in Miyagi Prefecture. This study shows that current numbers of work participants were nearly minimum for maintenance, and in some canals cases were already insufficient. Financial problem was not observed. Although residents' opinion was different in two rural communities on the canal maintenance and the conservation of habitats, it was confirmed in both communities that setting up facilities with conservation of habitats would promote residents' participation in canal maintenance under five conditions.

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The method of the land use plan decision to the new city is necessary advance by the consolidation of municipalities. We are trying the adjustment support research to the land use plan decision by the resident participation type. There is a case in the Nagano Prefecture Iida City that used a phased resident participation type workshop with an old village of 14 as a unit as one. The attempt in Nagano Prefecture Iida City is considered, and in this text, the process of the consensus building of the land use plan decision is analyzed, and the effectiveness to the plan decision and the adjustment in the future is considered to the case. The workshop of three times in the old village unit gave it the opportunity when an inhabitant himself realized the subject of the land use. And, when a specialist presented a goal for the land use, the decision of the land use plan which got inhabitant agreement became possible in this workshop of three times. It depends on this positive research inhabitant participation type land use plan decision unit unity unit old village possibility. It can be suggested that the technique in this text be effective from this in the land use plan decision and the adjustment after it amalgamates.

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This paper studies residents' landscape recognition by 3-dimensional visualized model on Kamakura historical area. 3-dimensional visualized model bases on 3D geographical feature model and human visual recognition. 3D geographical feature model is formed with GIS data by DEM(Digital Elevation Model). Human visual recognition is shown by a spread of light which applied the inverse-square damping. These two factors are combined as a 3-dimensional shadow picture to study residents' landscape recognition. Comparing explicate order and implicate order on the 3-D shading picture, discuss the recognition of residents regarding the region(town, mountains, sea, landmark in the city, etc.). And describes constitution and attribution of landscape recognitions and relationship with environmental recognition. The landscapes produced by these two data sets were then compared in order to descern any similarities by the conception of explicate order and implicate order.

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Environmental social consideration is needed for conserving green spaces. The paper aims to grasp the relating process with residents and a green space from their activities. The research was carried out in Hiromachi-Ryokuchi, Kamakura City. The results are as follows; 1)The relation as a place of the subsistence was almost lost after 1965. 2)In the period of resident's movement habitants in new residential areas brought the relation with the green space into existence by going there as a event. 3)In the last period of the movement activities in the green space were systematized and diversified. 4)In the period of planning the relationships among groups were expanded, regulated and tied up. It would be concluded that the relation with a green space can be changed depending on the design of planning system.

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This paper discusses the present situation and the progress of the citizen participation in global warming prevention at local governments, based on a survey conducted in Kyoto prefecture. The main findings concerning the present situation of citizen participation are as follows: 1) Citizen participation has been considerably executed in the local governments which set to work on global warming prevention i.e., making the ordinance, the plan, organizing the implementation, executing the prevention concerning PR and inseminations. 2) Citizen participation has not reached at the level of evaluation of prevention. Also, the local governments which accepted citizen participation in this process implemented more advanced global warming prevention than those local governments without such a citizen participation.

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In recent years, the street smoking and the toss of garbage are increasing by the lack of individual manners or morals. This study aims to consider the ideal way for administrative action of Nagoya City government, which intend to forbid the street smoking and the toss of garbage by the regulations. As a result of analysis by the questionnaire collected from citizens of Nagoya in June and September of 2004, the following things were clarified. The person with a high environmental consideration is conscious of an own responsibility. It is not expectable to shift citizen's behavior from rules to manners through the application of the fine.

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The purpose of this research is to obtain the basic data to keep better maintenance in the forest recreation area. The state of feelings and impression getting from walking through the area were understood using psychological scaling, and the physical environmental factors such as the Light, Thermal, and Ion environment were measured quantitatively. There is a psychological effect of being released from stress by the walking through the forest, and this effect is considered to have a correlation with spatial images getting from walking. The image obtained from walking through the forest better corresponds to physical environmental factors especially in the Thermal environment. It was thought that a psychological effect of the forest relaxation was combined complexly with various physical environmental factors.

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This study paid attention to black pine trees have existed for a long time along the river and the purpose of this study was how black pine trees for regional resource affect creation of local personality from a point of consciousness of residents. We selected two areas have different distribution tendency of black pine trees and grasped the relation between distribution and specific of landscape of black pine trees and consciousness of residents and owners in each area. As a result, it was considered density and specific of landscape of black pine trees affected consciousness of residents and owners.

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We showed the relationship between the conscious structure of urban residents and their willingness to coexist with wild mammals and the destructivity of habitat management. As a result of factor analysis, we extracted "naturalness", "availability"and "confrontativeness" as the attitude of residents for wild mammals. Urban residents showed high ecological awareness of wild mammals. Therefore, we concluded that urban residents showed a high understanding of coexistence with wild mammals. And urban residents showed high confrontational awareness. Especially, the perception by urban residents of the confrontational nature of wild animals was high among some residents had experienced damage caused by wild mammals, which resulted in a negative attitude toward their coexistence with wild mammals. Accordingly, it is necessary to evaluate the risk, the relationship between the wild mammals and urban residents in terms of economical and mental confrontations, and to obtain consensus among the residents.

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Amendment of the River Law in 1997 attracts attention because of the public participation procedure in the establishment process of river infrastructure development projects. However, the lack of participation process in earlier stage, when fundamental river management policies are established, is criticized. In this article, I examine this criticism on the class A river. Then I can find out the following three points. (1) 77.4% of the established river infrastructure development projects are made before the establishment of fundamental river management policies. (2)98.6% of these projects are related to the designated sections managed by prefectures. (3) In the designated section, the lack of the coordination with direct control section causes the insufficient public participation.

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Recently, the roundtable meeting, as a method for public participation, has received much attention. However, the number of committee members in the meeting is limited. So the complementary system becomes important. This paper aims to evaluate the public participation in the roundtable meeting by focusing particularly on the complementary system. A framework for assessing the public participation in roundtable meetings was presented. The case study was about a regional environmental restoration planning process named Sanbanze roundtable conference in Chiba, Japan. The results show that, by conducting of such an intensive participation process, especially the complementary system, a two-way communication between residents and the committee was built, and the conference received and adopted many suggestions from a wide range of public.

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This paper aims to consider the planning process of environmental conformity channel and the planning technique, in which farmers participated. The research was done in a land consolidation project of Kita-Oshio, Tajiri town, Miyagi pref. Main findings are as follows. 1)Realistic measures to promote effective agricultural production without disturbing existing ecosystem were included in the plan. 2)The main interest of farmers in the process of developing the plan was in labor saving of maintenance management work such us weeding. 3)Various people participated in the process, and the method that phased in narrowing down the problem was effective in the planning process.

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A windmill power plant should be constructed in consideration of destruction of the landscape. This paper aims to evaluate a depression view of the seaside landscape that include a windmill power plant. An allocation of windmills is evaluated using 'complexity index' that means entropy of the information theory. And then, a psychological impact of a windmill's allocation is evaluated by 'landscape destruction index'. The index is defined by an experimental result of a paired comparison method. The relationship between these two indices are shown and discussed.

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At present, harmony with the preservation of the ecosystem in consideration of the character of the agriculture area and the beatiful landscape is necessary. Recently, the water and plants environment at the bog in agriculture and forestry areas has become a serious problem. The bog has various functions such as the purification function of the water resources, the flood prevention function, the relaxation function of the weather, the preservation function of the creature kind and the water quality and an environment education function. Therefore the bog is taken high evaluation on an ecological system. In this paper, groundwater level and vegetation were investigated in the Tashiro bog, Aomori prefecture. It was clear that the groundwater level, vegetation and conservation in the bog.

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To conserve and repair the biota in agricultural landscapes on plains, an ecological function of agglomerated rural settlements as habitat patches surrounded by paddy fields in a plain was investigated using frog as indicator species. We checked the distribution of frogs within agricultural landscapes including hills, paddy fields and settlements in southern Niigata Plain. Rana japonica and Rhacophorus schlegelii were observed frequently in and around the settlements scattered over the plains. It was suggested that agglomerated rural settlements functioned as habitat patches for these two species in the matrix of paddy fields, by preparing woodlots and grasslands.

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In the "Environmental Indicator Species Survey (Ministry of Environment 2001)", 85 percent of the plants morphologically identified as the introduced dandelions were found to be the hybrids. These hybrid dandelions were originated from the crosses between native and introduced dandelions. From the viewpoint of the environmental indicators, we tried to recognize the genetic structure of hybrid dandelions collected from Kanto plain using the nuclear DNA micro-satellite markers. Out of 263 tetraploid hybrids, 246 plants (93%) were found to be genetically identical. It was also shown that this dominant clone of tetraploid hybrids widely distributed in Kanto plain.

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We investigated the vegetation and its environmental factors which are soil and microtopographic conditions at the sandy beach of Shonan District, Kanagawa Prefecture. As the result of using TWINSPAN classification and DCA ordination, we figured out that the vegetation of research zone was greatly affected by the presence of the sand fence. Although the number of species increased at the place enclosed by the fence, alien species also invaded. It was recognized that the chemical condition of soil such as Na⁺ decreasing and NO₃^- increasing etc. changed inside the sand fence due to the reduction of salt spray and shifting sand, and the change was related to the vegetation. As a result, it was considered that the position and the management of the sand fence should be considerate toward not only the point of sand control but also the conservation of coastal vegetation from now on.

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