In the Meiji era, large environmental disasters occurred in the Ashio, Besshi, and Hitachi copper mines. However, the pollution control measures in these mines were not the same and we examine the reasons for such differences. We investigate socioeconomic condition at that time and differences in anti-pollution movements, government policy, location and manager of each copper mine, and clarify these differences. These difference have affected pollution control measures at copper mines.

This research aims to analyze the characteristics of,Chofu-Hoya route (A section between Chofu and Mitaka) street-tree project preserving existing trees focused on property form of the former site. As a result, 1)13 tree species and 74 existing-trees were preserved in 8 spots. Furthermore, Of all, 12 species and 43 preserved trees were privately owned before this project. This brought various tree species composition is performed by a tree in private possession. 2) Tree preservation is realized through the request based on a detailed tree investigation by residents, consultation organization between residents and administration, and administrative construction of cross sectional composition.

This study develops a rice policy model in order to estimate policy cost to mitigate the variation of rice price in Bangladesh which will be affected by climate change. Future projections show that support price policy by rice procurement can mitigate severe price falls, in favour of famers. Subsidized price policy by rice distribution can mitigate severe price hikes, in favour of consumers. A projection of mixed policy shows that 1% reduction of price variation requires US$78 million as additional policy cost for whole projection period of 2010-2030. Furthermore, projection results show that to mitigate severe price variation by rice policy, governmental storage capacity needs to increase to 3 million ton. These projected costs and effects are expected to be used as basic data for food policy modeling in the era of climate change.

This paper clarifies a present situation of local environmental plans in Japan including environmental basic plans and new environment-related plans at city level. In order to describe history of local environmental planning, literature survey of administrative documents was conducted. Two case studies were also conducted to analyze real effects of increasing plans. Two local governments are different in terms of number of environment-related plans. There is a need not only for meta-design of environmental planning but also for avoiding citizen conference and groups which participate to planning and implementation process of environmental plans, competing one another in the future.

Both Toyooka-city in Hyogo prefecture and Sado-city in Niigata prefecture have engaged in diffusion of environmentally-friendly farming, as a part of reintroduction activities of Ciconia boyciana and Nipponia nippon respectively. These cities are significantly different in; (1) the transition of the acreage adopting environmentally-friendly farming; and (2) the acreage adopting organic farming as one of the most environmentally-friendly practices. This paper conducts a comparative analysis about the influences of collaborative governance between multi-actors on the diffusion process of environmentally-friendly farming. Our results show that existence or non-existence of network extension by a leader in each actor results in great differences of the cycle of collaborative process. This finding is particularly true for “outcomes”, the last phase of collaborative process, in the diffusion of environmentally-friendly farming between the two cities.

In order to mitigate urban thermal environment by using hydrophilic non-woven fabric treated with photocatalyst, the experiments were carried out to evaluate evaporative performance of non-woven fabric, and cooling effects of tent unit with that. From the results of measurements, it was confirmed that the non-woven fabric with hydrophilicity coated with photocatalyst has high evaporative efficiency, and improved thermal comfort by decreasing surface temperature and heat or comfort sensibility. Therefore, it is suggested a possibility to create cooling spot in urban area applying this fabric.

We installed network cameras around the Tokyo Bay to monitor clouds in center of Tokyo. The main focus of the present study is to examine the applicability of this system to study the cloud deformation and movement for the sake of rainfall prediction. Stereo-image analysis of clouds allowed detecting their location, horizontal and vertical sizes of cumulous clouds, and speed of their spatial expansion. Our measurement system observed a temporal evolution of cumulonimbus in Tokyo. The developing speed and the maximum altitude of this cloud was estimated. It is also observed that clouds in different layers going to different directions. The direction of cloud movement at the lower layer seems to be more important to invoke a rainfall. This certifies the advantage of the ground-based network camera system compared to the satellite observations in terms of measuring the clouds in the lowest layer.

In this study, thermal environment along marathon course of Olympics game in 2020 was analyzed based on the distributions of MRT and WBGT in the center area of Tokyo. The result indicated that WBGT was more than 28℃, which correspondent to “severe alert level”, from 9:00 to 18:00, on 7th Aug. Because shadow area showed lower WBGT, it was possible to keep WBGT less by the course is set under shade.

In order to analyze the impacts of the greening of landfills in Tokyo bay, we conducted quantitative evaluation of the thermal and wind condition around the area using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The conclusions derived from this study are; (1) Although temperature in landfills didn’t change from 6AM to 15PM, it declined 1.4℃ from 0 AM to 6 AM and from 15 PM to 24 PM compared to the present land-use. (2) Wind speed around the landfills also declined mainly due to the pressure-gradient force decrease. (3) Relatively cool area reached only about 10km away from the landfills.

We focused on how influence to occur in the user’s mind and body by the forest stay of three days and two nights including camping experiences. The investigation was conducted for the seven respondents in Chichibu Forest (University of Tokyo) for three days in late October 2014. Respondents were checked their physical and mental state by using physiological indices (blood pressure, pulse, saliva amylase) and psychological indices (POMS, PANAS, ROS, SD) at the gathering time of the forest in each day morning. As a result, blood pressure and saliva amylase were statistically reduced day by day. Some index of POMS showed the significant or marginally significant difference and reduced these score day by day in each. ROS score rose day by day (Marginally significant). From above results, mental and physical restorativeness could be seen in the long-time forest staying like the camping use.

Faced with rapidly aging society, there are no exercise training regimens broadly available in the field to increase physical fitness and to prevent life-style related diseases for middle-aged and older people. The aim of this paper is to consider an aided system to support active walk for our health, and the effects of exercise intervention on university students. This study revealed that average of walk steps per day, MET(metabolic equivalent) hours per week and volume of fat combustion differed significantly amongst the groups. These findings provide preliminary evidence, which indicates that the intervention programs can contribute to the promotion and improvement of our health.

In recent years, Japan carries out supporting policy of various tourism for country and foreign countries. Input-Output Analysis is used to calculate an effect of the policy. However, the influence coefficient estimated in this analysis can not sufficiently grasp the influence on other industrial sectors. In this study, we proposed the new calculation method of the influence coefficients, estimating influence of tourist business. Then we applied the novel coefficients to Aichi, Gifu and Mie Prefecture based on the Input-Output table for them in 2005. As a result, we concluded that the coefficients proposed in this study were able to show degree of the influence on other industries.

This study focuses on Mount Fuji where a maximum number of climbers is being examined. The specific purposes of this study are 1) to grasp climbers' attributes, climbing characteristics and attitudes toward establishing a maximum number of climbers, and 2) to sort out the future points for discussion by clarifying the relationships among those factors. The results found that the largest proportion of respondents was between 20 and 49 (77%) and the most common climbing objective was to view the sunrise from the top (72%). The second common objective was to climb all the way to the top (71%). In addition, the awareness that the increase in the number of climbers would have negative influences on the quality of natural environment and culture was related to the attitudes toward establishing a maximum number of climbers.

This research investigated rapid increase of climbing incidents in Nagano prefecture to grasp background of the increase and to mitigate these incidents. The mountain incident records of Nagano Prefecture Police was used to analyze the trend and backgrounds of rapid increase of incidents. As a result, increase of number of climbers and rise of probability of incidents were presumed main reasons of recent rapid increase of incident number. Referring indications of the previous studies, the results by analyzing referred indicators showed that combination of mountain region with high difficulty and low level competence against risk was estimated to make higher probability of occurring incidents. Therefore, it was considered to be necessary to create a new public relation method for matching climbers’ competence and the difficulty of each climbing route.

This study explores norms and attitudes that US consumers have for the environment, and examines how those would influence their intention of green consumer behavior using factor analysis and structural equation modelling. In exploring this, a web questionnaire survey was conducted, and 700 responses from US consumers were analyzed. The results indicate that “Pursuit of stylish lifestyle” has positive influence on “Environment-conscious green consumer behavior”, whereas influence of “Obligation to the environment” on “Environment-conscious green consumer behavior” was not significant statistically. Based on the above findings, to promote green consumer behavior in the US, an approach which emphasizes stylishness of eco-friendly lifestyle would be more effective than an approach such as environmental education to promote obligation to the environment.

The purpose of this research is to show effective content and form of environmental education to promote environment-conscious behavior with high difficulty by planning and conducting corporate environmental education program on familiar natural environment and clarifying its effect. I requested collaboration to the corporation, planned environmental education, and have conducted it 4 times to 70 employees in total since October, 2007. As a result, there were changes in participants’ knowledge and consciousness of natural environment as well as environment-conscious behavior, and it was clearly showed that environmental education program had a certain effect. Regarding education content and form, research showed that environmental education program to take up daily life involvement, how to live together, and problems in familiar natural environment such for promoting awareness is effective by promotion model of natural environment conservation activity.

The public access to information and decision making over environmental matters are critical components for effective environmental management and sustainability promotion. However, the policy and institutional framework and the operation of management bodies differ significantly from a case to a case. While the Mekong River Commission has been introducing instrumental procedures on prior notification, consultation and agreement, the disputes between member countries continue to persist. On the other hand, a number of hydropower generation projects continue to increase, riparian countries of the Danube River harness cooperation and prevent disputes through the elaborated policy tools and institutional mechanisms that promote information disclosure and public consultations.

In this study, the role of "environmental education" with the zoo was investigated. Exhibit sign is an important tool to enrich this role. Therefore, It was examined the following content. 1）Relationship of the installation position of exhibit sign and the visitor behavior. 2）Interests of visitor against exhibit sign. In Kanazawa zoo, investigation was carried out by changing the installation position on the 3 patterns of the exhibit sign. Interests of visitor against exhibit sign were investigated by using to interview. As a result, it was indicated that the visitor has a high interest in the exhibit sign and the visit behavior varied with the installation position of exhibit sign. From the above, it was possible to obtain useful knowledge that help to improve environmental education function of the zoo.

We investigated effects of light and temperature for germination of Persicaria capitata seeds, an alien species, which recently invades rivers in Japan. We made germination experiments from May to December, 2015, using seeds of wild plants, under controlling light, temperature and changing temperature. As a result, differences of average germination rates between lighting and no-lighting, and temperature changing and no- changing were not significant at the 5% level. The average germination rate of a plot, whose average temperature was 30°C, was significantly lower than the rate of a plot whose average temperature was 25°C. Thus, it was suggested the light condition doesn’t significantly affect germination of P.capitata seeds, and the germination is inhibited in 30°C or higher in temperature.

It is difficult to estimate both benefits and risks of data publishing regarding endangered species conservation although open data movement has been popular. This study proposes a framework to build proactive data publishing strategy in order to meet the demand for data publishing without increasing the anthropogenic impact on environments surrounding endangered species and to enhance these conservation activities. The impact of conservation activities and the risk of environmental degradation surrounding endangered species caused by data publishing can be visualized in this framework. The proposed framework was applied using existing data regarding the conservation of Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus, in Tsushima Island, Nagasaki, Japan as a case study.

The experiments were carried out for estimating relation of water temperature, sunshine, water velocity and floating plants to growth of phytoplankton. Experiments conducted in different seasons depicted the control of phytoplankton growth by water temperature. Concerning the light effects, the growth suppression was not always in proportion to the extent of sunshine restraint. Even gentle water flow restrained growth of phytoplankton, especially being combined with restraint of sunshine. Also duckweeds were useful for decreasing nutrient loads. These results suggest that compound control of the growth factor of phytoplankton is effective for the improvement of water environment in small ponds and reservoirs.

Notsuke Bay is a bay where eelgrass (Zostera marina) grows, and is a fishing ground for Hokkai shrimp(Pandalus latirostris). We examined how the water quality of the rivers flowing into Notsuke Bay affects the eelgrass and Hokkai shrimp. We then examined the factors that affect the quality of the river water. The T-N concentrations in Tobikari River and Kumushi River are 0.6-0.9 mg/L, and the reduction rates in the number of eelgrass and Hokkai shrimp in the vicinity of the mouths of these rivers were small. On the other hand, the T-N concentrations in Tohoro River and Chashikotsu River are 1.7-4.7 mg/L, and the reduction rates in the number of eelgrass and Hokkai shrimp in the vicinity of the mouths of these rivers were large. The T-N concentrations in river water have had a tendency to increase with the increase of the river basin's nitrogen input. The river basin's nitrogen input has increased due to an increase in dairy farmers purchasing feed and fertilizer.

Harvest mouse that lives in Satochi is known to be nesting in grasslands, such as paddy fields, ridges between fields and abandoned farmlands. In areas where grasslands are well managed, the nesting situation of this species is still largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the nesting habitat requirements of Harvest mouse in an agricultural areas using information collected from questionnaires to local residents, particularly farmers. Harvest mouse nests were not found in abandoned farmlands and ridges, but in farmed paddy feilds. The result indicaed that the presence of paddy fields with grown rice plants were important for nesting Harvest mouse.

Concerning cases of managing amphibian invasive alien plants, I examined whether rapid response was taken or not. As a result, I found that the strong measures were taken after problems became serious. In policy process, they don’t care problems because it is early stage contrary to rapid response thesis. I consider ①underestimation due to its scientific uncertainty, ②financial constrain, ③legislation doesn’t show who should respond, ④low political pressure due to low public concern, as major factors. I observed five factors which promote control measures; ①worsening situation, ②approach by experts and local influential environmental NGOs, ③supply of external financial resources, ④establishment of consultative group, ⑤political leadership.

Ecosystem evaluation in existing Environmental Impact Assessment has several issues such as time consumption, high costs, lack of quantitative evaluations and considerations of relativity between other evaluating items in EIA, and dependence on researchers' knowledge and experiences for accurate investigation results. Rapid and quantitative ecosystem evaluation is increasing in demand with the recent trends of applying rapid assessment or Environmental Assessment for ecosystem evaluation. In this study, we investigated 26 urban green areas by using automatic sound recorders to consider the application of sound to rapid ecosystem evaluation. To analyze the data, we devised new programming to calculate the proportion of natural sounds (the vocalizations of birds, amphibians, insects, and other animals) and anthropogenic sounds (cars, trains, airplanes, and other artificial device's sounds). As a result, there was a positive correlation between the proportion of natural sounds and green coverage ratios.

The Amami Oshima Island has many rare species, whose conservation needs to persist with forestry and tourism. The present study identified the current state of forest cutting and tourism. Then, it selected Uken Village, as the forest management plan had been determined, and proposed and evaluated forest management alternatives that took rare species conservation into account. Cutting was conducted mostly in Uken and Yamato Village, while many tourists visited an intact forest and Amami rabbit habitat in Amami City. Criteria were provided to evaluate forestry, rare species conservation and tourism in terms of forest age among the alternatives. Every alternative gave smaller area of cutting than that in the recent years and the alternative that allows short logging rotation cycle in small areas, leaving all the rest as either under a long cycle or no cutting.

In Khulna city of Bangladesh, informal sector’s workers called “waste pickers” collect valuable garbage in the town dumps and final landfill sites, and make their livelihood. About 70% of them have suffered from disease on skin itching because they were not sufficiently wearing gloves and boots. Up to now, the importance for improving environment on their labor sanitation has been pointed out, but the sanitation education for enhancing their capacity has not been sufficiently conducted. In this research, necessity of sanitation education and direction for developing learning materials was considered. As a result, importance of the education by involving their life environment and mental care was recognized through developing visual learning material and conducting experience learning, respecting the point of view from “waste”, “safety management” and “health”.

Interviews and questioner surveys were conducted in Noda City and Echizen City regarding re-introduction of Japanese White Storks since 2015. The feedbacks of the questioner were analyzed in order to identify following three points of view such as practical situation of environmental education, people’s consideration about status of Storks after the releases, and critical messages for the project. The released individuals of White Stork flew away from the both city. The questionnaire feedbacks indicated that the large part of the residents accepted the fact. Then, some critical opinions toward the re-introduction project by local people were also categorized and specific three dimensions were clarified.

Aiming to improve the irrigation management at water shortage with communication, namely, information sharing, coordination and cooperation among the stakeholders, the author identified, as the first step, key factors affecting frequency of communication among managers (called “Mandoro Jene (MJ)” in local language) and stakeholders in Kampili area, which is located at the most downstream of Bili-Bili dam irrigation area in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The multiple regression analysis was conducted with frequency of communication among the stakeholders in dry season in 2014, ratios of non- irrigated paddy field areas, and attribute data of irrigation unions and MJ’s. As a result, it was revealed that the ratio increased with distance from the most upstream of irrigation canal as well as area of management; and the higher the ratio was, the higher the frequency of communication was.

Administration and the inhabitants are placing more importance on environmental issues and working environment preservation activities positively by civic cooperation in Tama Area, Tokyo Metropolitan. From administrative viewpoint of Tama Area, this study is to identify the present condition of environment preservation activities by civic cooperation through the questionnaire survey to municipality of cities, towns and villages, 30 all together in Tama Area. As the result, we found that environment preservation activities had mainly been conducted by administration in Tama Area, etc. Future task required for the administration to support the implementation of activities through resident initiative, etc.

The nature-oriented river management has been nationwide carried out to improve river environment over a long period of time. This paper aims to grasp the post-construction relationship between citizen groups and administrative departments by investigating a leading case -- the Izumi River in Yokohama. To achieve that, we picked out some citizen groups and autonomous bodies which have close relationship to the river, then conducted hearing surveys to their members, last made a site reconnaissance. Our findings revealed that the difference of relationship between each organizations towards river utilization and management.

This research focuses on the example of the Nepal Gorka Earthquake, the first large scale disaster after Sendai World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, and considers government support and systems toward increased safety in housing reconstruction, as well as information from a field survey on the actual conditions of residents' housing reconstruction. Current Nepal Government housing recovery policy provides for a standard amount of support for owner-driven housing. However, for residents without money or access to land, rebuilding is more difficult.

NGO is the important actor for disaster management due to its grass roots activity in natural disaster prone country -Bangladesh. However, there aren’t enough prior researches for disaster management NGOs so that the purpose of this paper is to reveal the relation between NGO’s project registration areas, disaster affected areas, and disaster prone areas by analyzing mainly with Geographic Information System (GIS). The result showed a relation between disaster affected area and NGOs activities to some extent, but on the other hand, project locations and fund do not seem to be distributed impartially in vulnerable areas.

The REDD-plus mechanism treats community forestry as an important part of its agenda. Currently, there are active efforts to aggregate data on community forestry and use this to create databases. Thailand has a thriving community forestry, thus the collection of forest data in Thailand is expected to be of use to the Indochina peninsula. This survey focused on a high-quality community forestry in central Thailand and studied its organizational history, activities, and the state of residents in the forest's area of activity. As a result, sales of forest products such as bamboo shoots have led to improved incomes for the inhabitants and a better understanding of people in the forest. This also explains why forest activities have continued. Because there are many areas that use bamboo shoots in Indochina, the handling of bamboo forests in REDD-plus is considered important.

According to the assistance of grains, financial subsidy to residents and conversion of laboring structure caused by ‘Grain-for-Green Project’ (GGP) in the Chinese Loess Plateau, eating habit of residents was changed to wheat and rice which are difficult to be cultivated in the region. This study investigates the production areas of wheat and rice to Small Towns (Xiaochengzhen) which are known as hub of population, trading and manufacturing in Chinese rural areas. This study detects three zonings of grain production areas. The result actual food supply and pointed out the problems of valuation methods of GGP without taking these influences into account. It is implied that causes of the result are geographical proximity, national distribution networks and diversification of tastes.

This article attempts to ascertain the relationship between site characteristics of 115 buildings of Badaguan Villa and surroundings in Qingdao during the Republic of China. Three groups can be clarified by cluster analysis, 18 sites in group A located on southern slopes at foot of hill ensuring sea view, 47 sites in group B located on hillside mostly maintaining Taiping Mountain vistas, 50 sites in group C located on northern slopes of top of hill mostly preserving mountain view. Some of group B and group C comply with daylight and summer southeast monsoon, while the former can see specific mountain or sea, and the latter can see specific sea. Overall, the Badaguan Villa layout has taken elevation, slope orientation, daylight and summer southeast monsoon into consideration pursuing mountain and sea view.

Since the end of Vietnam War, land uses in rural areas of Vietnam have been drastically changed due to the settlement policy and FLA (Forest Land Allocation) for ethnic minorities. Most of the ethnic minorities living in central Vietnam are engaging in acacia forestry, and the area of acacia forest has been expanding. This study detected the existence of level of difficulties of logging in their acacia forestry according to geographical conditions of each forestry land. This levels of difficulties have the effects on the price which intermediate agents decide to buy acacia so that it can be considered that these residents’ income will be affected. The result raises an importance of assistance approach to residents based on the appropriate evaluation of environmental condition in each forestry land.

The purposes of this paper are to shows the whole system of participation of private sector to city park administration in the complicated city park law systems. This paper shows following points. By the historical study about the development of law systems there exist three period of system development. First period is from establishment of Park in Meiji Era until the enactment of City park act, in the second period there are developments of system to manage the profitable facilities, and in the third period there are developments of system cover the area of public sector work. And shows the difference of motivation and character between this two systems, the whole structure of the system of participations of private sector to city park administration, and the problem of current system and direction of solution.

The purpose of this study is the evaluation of ecosystems of Mount Cangshan and Lake Erhai in Yunnan Province, China. A choice experiment was applied to elicit marginal willingness to pay for a wetland restoration eco-compensation program and expansion of core zones in protected areas. A mixed logit model and a latent class model were applied to test preference heterogeneity. Consequently, those estimation results demonstrated significant improvement in the goodness-of-fit and preference variance of the expansion of core zones of Lake Erhai.

Allocating green space amidst an urban setting is an important issue in urban development planning. We conducted a basic experimental study on the allocation pattern of green spaces for aesthetic benefits, considering the accessibility to these spaces. We integrated an optimization model that is often used to solve facility allocation problems. The model employs a geographic information system that enables the generation of simple greening requirements. The integrated model was applied to explore the optimal green space allocation under the different greening requirements of Urasoe City, Okinawa, Japan.

The Inamino plateau artificial pond group is confronting a conservation management crisis. This study was undertaken to propose a solution for conservation management of artificial ponds (tameike) by elucidating the actual conditions, details, and problems of artificial ponds through bibliographic and hearing surveys related to artificial ponds, a questionnaire survey of Akashi City supervisors, and results of a questionnaire survey conducted at the Museum of Inamino Tameike . Results reveal that the present crisis of conservation management of artificial ponds has been realized during the 50 years since the 1960s. For conservation of artificial ponds, it is necessary to encourage further participation of community residents in conservation management activities of artificial ponds. These results underscore the importance of using public relations magazines effectively and to conduct hearings to elicit opinions from community residents.

In this study, we investigated urbanization process and sequential transformation of farmland and irrigation channel management in Sakai City, central Japan, by constructing digital historic canal and farmland maps. Local historic archives and literatures were also used to support this analysis. In addition, we investigated anurans distribution in this area to reinforce our understanding of the urbanization effects into local ecosystem. As the results, we found that, although urbanization had brought canal network and farmland fragmentations, canal management organizations were able to get some merits including stable irrigation water use and considerable donations from urban side. Our anurans investigation showed that adaptation of anurans into urbanization with the expansion of dry rice fields and canal pavements highly depended on species.

This study employs text mining methods to determine the learning contents in field study and training at university farm. We collected reports regarding learning contents prepared by university students participating in field training. We employed text mining methods and identified the learning contents in each class (14 classes in total). The results of the study indicated that students mainly learn the characteristics and growth habits of the crops as well as cultivation techniques. Moreover, it revealed that agriculture requires intense physical labor; therefore, a high cultivation technique is essential to sell the crops efficiently. In addition, we compared the training contents with learning contents and indicated the points for improvement concerning the training programs.

We have focused on children’s cognitive structure of trees landscape. Therefore, in order to clarify their cognitive structure, the “Favorite Trees Landscape” painting contest was conducted on the primary and junior high school pupils. In the contest, the reasons for choosing trees as subject of painting were written in about 100 characters. This description contents were quantitatively analyzed by text mining, and discussed. The results obtained are as follows: (1) Children have pointed out the diverse perspectives field and visual objectives. (2) The range of activity along with their growth is spread, they are aware of as the trees in the landscape. (3) The text mining is useful for trees landscape study.

Abstract： The purpose of this paper is to examine the circumstances that triggered interest in environmental issues in the general public by undertaking a text mining analysis of the descriptive contents of free answers in a questionnaire survey. The results of correspondence analyses are as follows: the circumstances that triggered interest in environmental issues are (i) the Great East Japan Earthquake for the Kanto region residents, water quality of Lake Biwa and air pollution for the Kinki residents, and (ii) school education for young people, work or community activities for elderly, and children for parenting generation. (iii) Citizens who prefer the mass media as information sources, or suffer from anxiety about the future, have subjectively poor knowledge of environmental issues, while citizens who got interested through work, community activities, or school education, and citizens who have favorable feelings and values with regard to the environment, have subjectively rich knowledge of environmental issues.

The current study aimed to 1) understand the characteristics of and barriers to pro-environmental behaviors to encourage the behaviors by simultaneously measuring a number of behaviors, and 2) investigate peoples’ expectations of ripple effect by spreading pro-environmental behaviors, which might influence the other policy domains. Overall, the study was designed to inform a revision of the Basic Environment Plan Sapporo (Hokkaido, Japan). Results showed the importance of reducing the laboriousness of, and providing opportunities to engage in, pro-environmental behavior. Furthermore, it was found that perception of ripple effect correlated with pro-environmental behaviors, and all sample, obtained from random sampling citizens, citizen groups and companies, expressed strong expectation to ripple effect..

This research was performed to reveal the influence of gender on people's behavior during reconstruction of livelihoods after the massive cyclone, Komen, hit Bangladesh on July 29th, 2015, with a special focus regarding behavior towards financial loans and purveyance of food. According to the results of the questionnaire survey conducted in the affected area, there appeared to be differing tendencies between husband and wife in relation to from whom, when, and how much people borrowed money, which could be identified as livelihood management behavior, and such difference could be generated through social capital and role in household that are built based on gender. In addition, the findings would imply that women's health was more likely to be negatively affected due to unbalanced diets following the cyclone, which could be attributed to unequal access to food between husband and wife.

We set up the theoretical hypothesis that communication on social network service (SNS) improves empathy, real human relations and quality of life (QOL) into a chain reaction. It was investigated and analyzed statistically based on questionnaire called collective surveys of university students in the information sciences, and the hypothesis was analyzed by the structural equation model. The results appeared to verify our hypothesis, and promoting effect by communicating on SNS to the empathy in the real world and Internet gave real human relations and QOL stronger improvement effects, in comparison with adverse effects on them of SNS tired and Techno-Internet addiction disorder tendency. Moreover, it was suggested that empathy in the real world can be improved by empathy on the Internet.

Abstract: This study takes up Mount Iwate and aims to reduce risk of climbing accident. The purpose of this study is 1) to grasp the attributes of climbers, the characteristics of the climbing and the climbers' awareness of accident risk reduction, and 2) to find the solution or key to reduce accident risk of solo climbing based on the relationship of the attributes, the climbing characteristics and the awareness. Results indicated that the largest proportion of respondents was aged 50s-60s (56%) and climbers with a lot of experience including at least 20 times (72%), and that of solo climbers was 28%. In addition, the collection rate of information and the awareness to reduce risk of climbing accident of solo climbers were lower compared with those of group climbers. It is considered these results of solo climbers might be related to their plenty of experience in climbing.