It is extremely crucial for Japan to reduce automobile's gasoline consumption so as to meet the first period target of the Kyoto Protocol. However, only few studies which focus on the relation among gasoline demand, price, and regional gross income can be found. In this context, while taking into account the stationarity and cointegration of variables as well as regional characteristics, this study investigated Granger causality by using vector error correction (VEC) model, based on a panel data set of 10 Japanese regions during 1990-2008. As a result, this study shows that there are bidirectional negative causalities between gasoline price and its consumption, and bidirectional positive/negative causalities between gasoline price and regional income. It is also found that there is a unidirectional positive causality from gasoline consumption to regional income.

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To clarify the relationship between the valuation approved by using the contingent valuation method(CVM) and the awareness of preservation of subjects, we conducted an interview survey to residents in hilly and mountainous areas in this study. As a result, it emerged that the residents in this areas indicated that they have a willingness to pay \2,112 to \3,996 a year for the natural environment of Kozagawa town in Wakayama Prefecture. In addition to this, as the result of analyzing their awareness of environmental preservation which is dereved from thier residential history in the areas, the residents living in outside of this town tended to find the high value on the use of natural environment.Consequently, it is indicated that differences in their profiles make a big difference foward their awareness of preservation of natural environment.

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Recently, a vacant house has increased in Japan. This study aims to indicate the state of the Mortgaged Real Estate market (MRE), especially hard to sell. The subject of study has analyzed the data of Tyubu area; Gifu, Aichi and Mie prefecture in Japan. First, the findings have revealed that the apartment is not hard to sell on the MRE at Tyubu area. Second, the study has calculated the ratio of price to real estate appraisal. The result shows that the real estate is devalued in suburban area. Then, the trend shows that the detached house was hard to sell in suburban area, especially in Gifu and Mie.

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Development of climate change adaptation technologies in agriculture is an important task to maintain future food security. In order to enable developers to project impacts of the technology introduction on socio-economy, two types of evaluation model, a simple one and a detailed one, are developed. Comparison of the two models reveals that the difference in reproducibility of international trade induces the difference in projection. The simple one is expected to facilitate evaluation process. However, the scope of the model should be carefully considered because its trade reproducibility is low.

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Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Guidelines for Environmental andSocial Considerations came into force on April 2004 and analysis of alternatives has been done including zero option. But the need of its improvement was pointed out. Cases of Japan, overseas and JICA were reviewed and the present situations and problems were summarized. This paper proposed comparative assessment of alternatives using principal component analysis (PCA), which was confirmed to be reasonable and easy-to-use way and showed the validity of zero option and mitigation measures by analysis of alternatives. Finally the paper indicated the adequacy of mitigation measures by analysis of alternatives in the international cooperation field.

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Public project such as dam construction has always been a source of local conflicts from 1990s in Japan. It is important to create an analytical framework to take into account a wide rangeof assessment criteria, also in order to meet the simultaneous demands for water, energy, and environmental protection well into future, a broader analysis of water management is needed. Following this point of view, we analyze residential preference in dam construction in Yahagikawa River and Toyokawa River area, Japan, using social multicriteria evaluation (SMCE).This case study suggests that the SMCE can supply a powerful framework for environmental policy/project analysis since it is multi-disciplinary, participatory and transparent.

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A large amount of resource consumption and expansion of social infrastructures has supported the rapid economic growth of Japan. However, from the perspective of the finite resources, shift to a stock-based society that reduces the amount of material input and waste is expected in the future. Therefore, it is important to understand amount of the future demand for material stock. In this study, we estimated future demand for material stock of urban structures?housing, office building, road, railway and sewer by level of cities, towns and villages in order to understand detail of regional characteristics. The result obtained from the estimation indicates that the difference of material stocks by multiple scenarios became 190 Mt in 2050.

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In this study, we analyze domestic material consumption (DMC) in building sector and employed an index decomposition analysis method to find out the driving force of material consumption during 1996-2009. We also conducted semi-parametric analysis to estimate the relationship between urban area change and DMC change. The results reveled several findings: (1) the contribution rate of per capita GDP growth was arrived at 102.54%, it was the main driver of growth in material consumption of building construction. (2) the increase in the DMC is one of the reasons that lead to the increase of farmland transformation into urban area, but the transformations from water, grassland and wetland to urban areas decreased.

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Elution amount of toxic inorganic pollutants from soil were investigated using the adsorption isotherm. Concentration of toxic inorganic pollutants in liquid phase will be affected by the kind of hazardous inorganic contaminants, and it is not affected by character of soil. If hydrogen ion concentration becomes 10 fold, concentration of cadmium will be increased about 6 fold, and that of lead will be increased about 10 fold. Lead concentration may be easily affected by pH change of soil. The pH of soils will affect results of elution test. Therefore, pH measurement after elution test is necessary to assess contamination level and the data can be used for quality control of elution test. This suggestion must be very significant to improve public method.

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Characteristics of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the Kinokawa River were clarified by using existing monitoring data. Numerical analysis to examine mass loads and river water quality were also conducted. The monitoring data showed that the TP concentrations increased markedly in the middle river reaches from 1996 to 2001. The numerical analysis also demonstrated large increases in industrial TP loads from 1996 to 1999, as well as decreases in TP due to reductions in industrial shipments and the promulgation of the fifth regulation of total maximum daily loading. The findings suggested that industrial TP loads and the river flow rate both affected TP concentrations in the river.

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This study aims to discuss the roles of local authorities in the waste management through a qualitative research by focusing on their environmental consciousness and the way of encouraging other actors. The findings show that excellent local authorities try to undertake serious actions to solve the problem with the Environmental Governance Approach, and on the other hand, problematic local authorities have a gap between their environmental consciousness and actions even if they have an access to a good facility and also have weaknesses in encouraging other actors.

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The market price of used PET bottles is rising and the expense burden of producers became nearly zero in the containers and packing recycling law. The increase of the cities’ participation to the law has been stopped since 2010. Hearing research to all cities in Osaka Prefecture has been carried out to recognize the reason. In the law, cities have to do an expensive process that includes selecting PET bottles, pressing and packing them. And the price of used PET bottles is lower in the law than in the common market. By expanding EPR of the law (increasing the expense burden of the using-producers), the cities should be paid to their pre-recycling work.

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This study aims at estimating exposure-response functions (SO2, NO2, and SPM-health effects) under five areas of the Pollution-Related Health Damage Prevention system. The study compares two types of exposure functions with indexes of “cumulative air pollution concentration (multi-year, one pollutant)”and “composite air pollution concentration (one year, different pollutants).”The accuracy of the exposure-response functions were improved by both the indexes compared to the function with one year-one pollutant data. Since the exposure-response functions in each city share common features, the results indicate the possibility of an integrated model of “one-fit-for-all.”

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Though we had ever found the food contaminations caused by the transition from the organic compounds to the fat and fatty foods through the gas phase, we have not taken it so seriously. In this paper, we verified the importance of this route through a screening method for a variety of organic compounds by using the parameters, such as octanol-air partition coefficients. We conducted a screening of the organic compounds which have a risk of easily transferring into the fat and fatty foods through the gas phase and found that we had better not neglect this route and scrutinize this route more seriously in the future.

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This paper describes problems and subjects concerning about chemical substance information supply chain managementof SVHC on REACH regulation with parts suppliers forair conditioner manufacturers. It is important to follow up the suppliers identified and the air conditioner parts having high possibility of SVHC component. Author stated the methodologies of survey on SVHC containing information as the directionality of chemical substances SCM and tested the effectiveness of raising the number of SVHC survey responses.

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This experiment was conducted to examine the characteristics of ethanol fermentation omitted the glycation process. In this paper, sample is simulated raw garbage, introduced the yeast in this simulated raw garbage, make ethanol fermentation. Its properties were investigated. By this process, ethanol was preferentially produced over the organic acid. In addition, the solid content was reduced significantly more than control sample. This indicates the changes in composite biological system caused by the introduction of yeast into the simulated raw garbage; ethanol production was the major advantage of this process. However, the increase in the content of the CO₂ dissolution and organic acid generated during the process was found to lead to a decrease in ethanol fermentation.

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While systems and measures on management of chemical substances were examined, those of local governments are not sufficiently investigated yet. We conducted a questionnaire survey for all municipal governments, and analyzed the actual conditions management and risk communication for chemical substances. The results suggest that many municipalities do not have high concerns about the management, nor conduct effective communication. Some do not implement even information dissemination. It should be needed to improve local government officials' knowledge and encourage their awareness of risk communication. The survey also found that some small municipalities already implemented positively risk management. That implies various kinds of ideas for effective communication should be shared among the municipalities.

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Using the comparative text analysis of Japanese newspapers, this study aims to uncover how the concept of “forest” changed between the late 1980s and the late 2000s in Japan. Based on the social network approach, the text analysis of the word “forest” was conducted using Asahi and Yomiuri newspapers from 1987 to 2009. It was found that 1) the characteristics of discourse space related to “forest” in 1980s is significantly different from that of the late 2000s. 2) The discourse space has shifted from 1987 to 2009. 3) In addition, the shift occurred around 1997 when Kyoto conference was held.

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We showed 2 images such as photos with sunshine filtering through the foliage (SFTF) and control in the forest as a simulation for 17 subjects, and examined the change in the physiology index (pulse, blood pressure, brain blood stream) during the experiment, as well as subjective evaluations for each stimulation after the experiment. Consequently, between SFTF and control, a significant difference was confirmed in some of a subjective evaluation and physiological index. In addition, quantity of brain blood flow on right prefrontal cortex significantly decreased by SFTF in comparison with the baseline. As a result of the multiple regression analysis, it were suggested that a higher appraisal of cheerfulness for SFTF may bring a decreasing of a diastolic pressure and a higher appraisal of nature quality for it may do a decreasing of whole amount of hemoglobin.

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This article explores the reasons why university students consider or do not consider companies’ pro-environmental behaviours when selecting the companies they wish to work for. This article investigates the fate of these students in terms of employment. The hearing survey revealed the following: (1) students who consider companies’ pro-environmental behaviours wanted to work towards effective environmental solutions or for non-polluting companies, (2) students who did not consider companies’ pro-environmental behaviours had different selection criteria or took companies’ pro-environmental behaviours for granted, (3) students began to consider companies’ pro-environmental behaviours after they selected companies by most selection criteria or they understood the possibility of engaging in environmental solutions at a private company, and (4) students failed to consider companies’ pro-environmental behaviours because they eliminated this in their selection criteria or because they felt that companies’ pro-environmental behaviours were all alike.

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A case study on the Nature Restoration Project in Kushiro Wetland(the first case led by the government ) was conducted in this paper. The authors considered the relationship between the administrative measures and the trend of the actors' participation, with the aim of constructing a methodology to promote continuous and autonomous nature restoration activities through participation of various actors. The results include the following: The framework of the committee based on the Law for the Promotion of Nature Restoration enabled the participation of various actors ; Free and voluntary mechanisms for participation other than the committee would promote broad participation by the local public and industries; Promotion of voluntary activities among stakeholders such as those in agricultural and forestry sectors would require measures such as matchmaking and coordination of joint projects.

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The maintenance of the local community and the improvement of living environment are ingredient essential to the activation of the hilly and mountainous regions. This study was conducted to analyze the relations between the social capital mainly composed of the district activity and the local community and the evaluation of living environment or the life satisfaction using the questionnaire survey for two hilly and mountainous regions which did different choice in the municipal merger of Heisei. Furthermore, the issue and directionality every area to contribute to local activation were investigated. As a result, it became clear that the enriching of the social capital in the hilly and mountainous regions led to raising residents' evaluation of living environment or the life satisfaction.

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In this study, we target the activity type "theme". Use teamwork behavior scale, local residents found out whether they want to define a "sense of effectiveness of an organization's existing knowledge and experience" through the process. As a result, three factors are obtained, in particular, the item "coordination of team ", and the starting point of the action team work, had been prescribed a "sense of experience and knowledge of the effectiveness of existing organizations."

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Civic forest system is a method to conserve privately owned forests and to provide an open space for citizens. Upon implementing this, it is important to seek a management system to suit the needs of surrounding residents who are the regular users. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness and the prospects of civic based forest management. Results indicate that 1)civic forest have a tendency of being utilized mostly by civic groups and other small community groups; 2)these groups voluntarily maintain and patrol regularly. In some cases, collaboration with other community groups is also practiced; 3)a successful system for civic forest management requires sharing the recognition of civic forest management among residents, local government and forest owners.

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With fast Internet access spreading in Japan, broadband network or mobile network has recently been getting available even in many rural areas located in hilly and mountainous areas. There has been a growing number of community development practices using SNS. It is strongly expected that ICT is used even in rural areas for purpose of vitalizing communication and information transmission among residents and relevant people. We need to give more chances for rural residents to learn ICT and develop ways of promoting ICT efficiently. In this research, we focused on key persons in the process of promoting SNS as a communication platform in rural areas and clarified the roles and effects of them. In addition, we proposed 3 requirements to promote ICT even for other rural areas.

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The main purpose of this study is to compare the risk exposure of a techno-centered tendency in the informational environment and general stress at the student life to depression tendency. It was investigated and analyzed by the structural equation model based on questionnaire surveys of university students in the information sciences. The result verified that the deteriorating techno-centered tendency causes the increase in the depression tendency. We also proved that the influence depend on the purpose of the Internet use. Moreover, it was shown that the adverse effect of the techno-dependency tendency was more than twice the stress effect. As a preventive measure against the depression tendency in the information society, we concluded that it is essential to prevent techno-centered and refrain from using the internet for escaping from reality.

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We conducted factor analysis to determine effective policies for promoting bicycle use in an urban area based on a survey of actual conditions of bicycle use. Factor analysis revealed three factors of 'hardware management', 'software management', and 'convenience of bicycles' which significantly affect bicycle use promotion. Furthermore, covariance structure analysis suggests that it is most effective to enforce 'software management', such as thorough rule observation by bicycle users and practices and cultivation of environmental awareness, in order for residents to shift private vehicle use to that of bicycles.

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By “The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake”, extensive tsunami damage occurred centering on the coastal city of Iwate prefecture, Miyagi prefecture, Fukusima prefecture. The Central Disaster Prevention Council held by government constituted “Committee for Technical Investigation on Countermeasures for Earthquakes and Tsunamis Based on the Lessons Learned from the “2011 of the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake””,and they carried on study of drastic future measures of the earthquake and tsunami. An evacuation by the car is given as one of the item to study. Because 57% of evacuee took an evacuation behavior which is using a car, it is thought as a future issue to study. Therefore, in this study, by comprehending the actual condition of car evacuation at Taro, city of Miyako , Iwate Prefecture, we aimed to get learning to be helped for the measures of disaster prevention and disaster mitigation for tsunami at coastal area in the future.

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Recently, the emergency dispatch number increases by the progress of the aging society and the delay of the arrival to the emergency field becomes remarkable. The introduction of the doctor car system is required to improve on a current situation. In this paper, the optimal location of the medical facilities which deploys the doctor car using the record on emergency dispatch of Funabashi City for the purpose of improving emergency medical service is examined by two methods and the effective sphere of the doctor car is clarified. and the delay of the arrival to the emergency field becomes remarkable. The introduction of the doctor car system is required to improve on a current situation. In this paper, the optimal location of the medical facilities which deploys the doctor car using the record on emergency dispatch of Funabashi City for the purpose of improving emergency medical service is examined by two methods and the effective sphere of the doctor car is clarified.

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This paper aims at discussing the way of collaborative approach among researchers related to Sustainability Science. To this end, we carried out a survey through interview and email with 28 experts from various fields in sustainability. Our survey results showed that the problems for researchers fall into four categories; “phenomena”, “method”, “approach”, and “framework.” The paper then identified six types exist as perspective differences among researchers; those types include “definition”, “granularity”, “domain”, “direction”, "frame”, and “recognition.” Finally, we addressed the interrelations among the perspective differences, proposing a procedure as a collaborative approach among experts that help us pursue interdisciplinary research projects.

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This research aimed 1) to determine the ambiguity of the borders of community trust (bonding type of trust) and generalized trust (bridging type of trust) among neighboring areas, and 2) to identify the factors of the ambiguity of the borders of those two different types of trust. The datasets were collected through a household-level questionnaire survey conducted in all agricultural areas of three cities in northern Kyoto prefecture in 2006. As a result, 1) the ambiguity of the borders of community trust was found, whereas no ambiguity of the borders of generalized trust was found. 2) Household density, residence year, and family number were correlated to the ambiguity of the borders of community trust. 3) The ambiguity of the borders of community trust and generalized trust were positively interrelated to each other.

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In this study, we clarified roles of civic groups in the project for donation-supported and　citizen-owned photovoltaic plant analyzing the cases of project promotion and continual environmental educations using the plant. We found that civic groups support project promotion by providing information and technical know-how through the process. Civic groups not only host environmental educations, but also develop human resources for environmental educations in parallel with the project’s progress.

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The relationship between law and ecosystems has become something of a global phenomenon to protect biodiversity. However, “going green” in current legal system is not yet enough to solve issues pertaining to biodiversity declines. Some of those laws are far from addressing existing environmental problems. In this article, limit of “going green” in legal system is discussed, using the case-study method. In addition, legislation, case law, and emerging trends in the green field are evaluated. This article leads the conclusion that legal reform about conservation and application of natural resources is operated and included in Basic Act on Biodiversity, which is desirable. This is crucial for the construction of a sustainable society.

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This study examines the effectiveness of the international environmental regimes by performing a quantitative assessment on four Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) protocols (Helsinki, Sofia, Oslo and Geneva). The impact evaluation method which combines the difference-in-differences method with propensity score matching was employed in the analysis, using panel data from 50 countries which participated in the 1979 Geneva Convention. The results demonstrate that adoption of the Sofia protocol had a significant effect in reducing emissions while the other three protocols had no discernible effect. In conclusion, it is important to consider each country's heterogeneity as well as their characteristic pollutants, not just the reduction of the pollutants when evaluating the effectiveness of the regimes.

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It is necessary for composting of livestock excreta to adjust water content with sub-materials such as rice straw, and the acquisition of sub-materials was often a problem in composting plants. In this research, we developed a model to optimize the transportation of sub-materials. As the result of applying the model to Saitama prefecture, it was concluded that the utilization of sub-materials used for plowing in rice fields and the transportation of them over 20km from the northern east area to the western area is effective in the balance of their supply and demand.

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The leaching of nutrients from agricultural land is a major concern in Japan as well as many other countries. Experiments were conducted with two representative farmland soils, Kuroboku (Andosol) and Kunigami Maji (Ultisol). The soils were treated by mixing with charcoal that was processed at three different grain sizes, and Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) plants were grown in these charcoal-treated soils and a non-treated control. Plant growth parameters and discharge water in each condition were analyzed periodically throughout the observation period. The results showed that the addition of 10% charcoal grains (by volume) of particle size less than or equal to 5 mm was effective in both soil types from the perspectives of plant growth and nutrient leaching.

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In this study, we implemented comparative experiments on ammonia removal performance, aiming at the use of wastes such as waterworks sludge and construction debris as deodorizing agent in a living environment. The result showed that all of the samples immediately exerted deodorization performance, which suggests their possible use as deodorizing agent. Among those samples, the waterworks sludge proved its superiority with the long-lasting deodorization performance. The factors can be the high amount of CEC and physical and chemical adsorption demonstrated in the heat experiment.

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The stagnant water and sediment samples obtained from the inundation area by Tsunami in the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake were chemically analyzed. Clear impact of the tsunami to the hydrochemical environment was shown by using indices, such as enrichment factor(EF) or migration ratio of the major dissolved components of water samples. Time periods of high salinity water conditions were estimated to persist for over several months in high water retention areas, such as paddy fields. The concentration of heavy metals in the sediment was less than or comparable to non-contaminated soils.

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Temperature and heat fluxes were measured through a year at the greening and non-greening rooftop surfaces and verandahs (8 and 4^th floors) of the building, of whichlight and thin sublayer were buried bamboo charcoal. There was a little daily change intemperature through a year on greening rooftop due to cut down the most heat flux. The temperature on the greening verandah was lower by 8 ^oC in daytime of mid-summer and higher by 3-4 ^oC at night of winter than on non-greening one, which controlled room temperature to be moderate at both seasons. Annual electric power consumption of greening floor was estimated to economize by about 15% , comparing with that of non-greening floor.

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Recently, the concern with harmful ultraviolet light has become heated and the Meteorological Agency gives out the distribution map about ultraviolet rays by 20km mesh. However, the spaces that we are actually engaged in daily life are wide variety, green space and station square, residential area and so on. And this study takes it as given that amount of ultraviolet light that we are receiving vary according to the spaces. Therefore, this study measured the amount of ultraviolet light at the same time in many places. The result revealed the difference of amount of ultraviolet light per places and a correlation between amount of ultraviolet light and sky view factor.

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In order to estimate the heat stroke risk in street space, we had measured the air temperature distribution of the center of Tokyo in summer. From the results of measurement, there was a tendency which becomes higher temperature of street space than Tokyo District Meteorological Observatory. And the variation of temperature by a point was also great, the difference of those amounted to 3 ℃. Although the forecast of heat stroke is made by the value of Meteorological Observatory, it is important that the higher potential of heat stroke is existed at street space in urban area. In the risk assessment of street space, it is important to take street composition and weather condition into consideration.

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We estimated the CO2₂ reduction amounts of recycling pruning waste which is produced in massive quantities under the maintenance of trees planted in cities, like street trees. In addition to that, we compared the CO₂ reduction amounts with the case of disposal by burning and using the heat for heat supply and power generation at a garbage processing plant, which is a normal way for pruning waste. We selected the various ways of recycling pruning waste, i.e., generating heat and electricity by burning, compost, charcoal, pellets, chips, gasification, biomass ethanol, as normal ways to make effective use of woody biomass. As a result, it showed that all recycling ways except a few cases of charcoal reduced CO₂emission compared with disposal by burning, and all the recycling in case of using the products as alternative sources of energy reduced CO₂ emission compared with disposal by burning and using the heat.

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Cluster analysis was performed on trucking business data obtained by the 2006 Revised Energy Conservation Law and divided into multiple clusters in order to investigate fuel consumption and CO₂ emission characteristics of the transportation business. Regression analysis was performed on each cluster and their respective mean values to investigate the characteristics of the entire trucking business. Policies that improve vehicle efficiency and private to business truck conversions were addressed, and global warming countermeasures for transportation business were evaluated by using the characteristics observed in this study. Furthermore, CO₂ reduction potential policies for transportation business addressed by the Energy Conservation Law and its nationwide ripple effect were evaluated. Therefore, the effectiveness of both policies was verified in this study.

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The change rate of CO₂ emissions per capita are analyzed using shift-share analysis at the prefecture level in Japan. As a result, the national growth effect of CO₂ emissions per capita is 7.6%. Therefore, if both/either the proportion effect and/or the differential effect are/is not negative, CO₂ emissions will increase in every prefecture. Regarding the proportion effect, the more the prefectures specialized in CO₂ emissions from iron and steel, non-ferrous, and ceramics industry, the higher the change rate is, and the more the prefectures specialized in CO₂ emissions from construction, mining, civilian sectors, and private cars, the lower the change rate is. As for the differential effect, it is suggested that the economic growth/reduction per capita of the peripheral/core prefectures result in the differences in the change rate of CO₂ emissions between core and peripheral prefectures.

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Under the influence of an East Japan great earthquake, power saving was broadly carried out in the summer of 2011 not only in industrial and commercial sector but in residential sector. However, electricity consumption in the residential sector after power-saving action was not sufficiently figured out. In this study, based on the data from instruments for measuring electricity consumption installed in each participant household in 2011 summer, an estimation model of hourly electricity consumption for households was developed. The model could explain the actual monthly total of electricity consumption on July and August released by Tokyo electric power company (TEPCO) with an accuracy of 10%. The model indicated that the electricity consumption on the time observed maximum electricity consumption in 2011 summer was around 1000 million kW in residential sector, which value was much lower than the value around 1700 million kW released by TEPCO.

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In this paper, we studied the installation factors for residential PV system based on questionnaires using cross tabulation and statistical analysis. We showed that when householder tend to choose economic incentive than environmental awareness as the latest. Therefore we should consider that it is important to keep and spread publicity the economic incentive installing PV system.

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This paper analyzes the mechanism how an intermediary cancels energy-saving barriers in small and medium enterprises and has them take measures for energy saving successfully, focusingon the intention of both the intermediary and his organization. In an actual case, it was found that “change aides" who had gained reliance and support from a client of a small-medium company acted mutually with “change agents “ and played an important role for the client to overcome energy-saving barriers and take some energy-saving measures successfully, in order to realize the intention of their organization as a result.

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This paper presents the institution to maximize the effect of fuel cell in the house for reducing the carbon-dioxide emissions in the family department and generating electricity effectively. We use actual measured value to get from several houses being attached fuel cell and solar power generation device and simulate the operation of fuel cell under three different conditions, electric power interchange, heat power interchange and both of them, by optimization. We propose the grid using fee which people pay to electronic power company when interchange electric power and using electric vehicle for using storage cell and car-sharing. So the institution is variable for all stakeholders.

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The Cost Verification Commission of The Energy and Environment Council in the National Policy Unit of Japanese Government issued a report on the re-examination of comprehensive calculation of projected costs of generating electricity including nuclear power. However, at least there are 2 problems in the calculating method. The first problem is that the commission distributed construction costs of power plants in the years under operation as depreciation costs. The second problem is that the commission did not take into account interest during construction. Because of these problems, capital costs of the power plants are underestimated. This article re-examine costs of generating electricity by modifying these problems.

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In this study, the authors analyzed the differences between the central and local governments on the information response to environmental issues focused on proceedings in parliament this is a record of the process of discussion to enact laws and regulations. The environment keywords such as "biomass", "dioxin" and "global warming", were analyzed by the number of hits in parliamentary paper search system with federal, state and municipalities for the years from 1980 to 2010. The features of environmental keywords were distinguished into two types: "Keyword preceded by a central government “and” Keywords preceded by local governments". In conclusion, it is clear that some of the differences in countermeasures of environmental issues in central and local governments.

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