Recently, it has caused serious damage to the ecosystem that bamboo forests are disorderly expanding and destroying other species in many places in Japan. One of the reasons of the expansion is decreased demand of bamboo products and lack of management. Since the roots are rapidly extending, it is very difficult to map the current bamboo distribution with conventional way, such as manually interpretation of aerial photo and satellite data because of required efforts. In this study, we show a method for mapping bamboo forest distribution by using ALOS/AVNIR-2 and PRISM data.

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Recently, an increase in the urban population and the expansion of the urban area proceed rapidly in local cities in China which have achieved rapid economic development. As a result, the urban sprawl becomes a serious problem. It is important to grasp the future land cover change to create comfortable urban areas. In this paper, we investigated the prediction of future land cover based on the past satellite data by using the Markov chain analysis and the cellular automata analysis considering various socio-economic factors of the land cover change for the city planning area of LangFang City in HeBei Province. As a result, we found that the prediction method was useful. We estimated that the farmland especially in the urban fringes which was located near the built-up area will be changed to the built-up area in the future.

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The relation between the land cover and the ground surface temperature was analyzed by using the satellite images that showed the heat distribution of the ground surface. The line where the green and the water surfaces accumulated was extracted. Consequently, the possibility of a quantitative evaluation was indicated about ′lines of natural-environment continuity′ that Tokyo metropolitan government was suggested. Though a lot of natural-environment continuity in the direction of east and west were extracted in Tama area, few lines of continuity were extracted without in large scale parks. It was clarified that the relationship between land cover and the ground surface temperature was simply analyzed because the wide area land cover and the ground surface temperature distribution data were shown by using satellite images without large-scale researches of land use or meteorological observation.

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A fire disaster occurred in April 5, 2002 on and around Mt. Gongen in Gifu Prefecture. It is concerned that the slope stability had decreased due to root rotting induced by the disappearance of vegetation. From this point of view, it is necessary to understand the vegetation-recovery process appropriately to manage disaster prevention. Therefore, this paper describes a time-series monitoring method for the forest-recovery process using several remotely sensed images by satellites, an approach that has many advantages for spatial analysis. In particular, the relationship between LAI (Leaf Area Index) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) immediately after the disaster has been clarified. As a result, we concluded that a monitoring approach using NDVI is effective, but we still have to consider the difference between the recovery process and the vegetation-degradation process.

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The shrinkage of Aral Sea has teld to the decline of wetland ecosystems in lower Syrdarya region. One of the rehabilitation approaches was conducted by the dam construction between Small and Great Aral Sea in 2005. We aimed to evaluate the fluctuation of the wetlands before and after the new dam completion. We analyzed satellite images from 1999 to 2006 based on ground truth data and depicted the wetland area and the NDVI. Comparing variables of wetland; area, length of surrounding, averaged NDVI, sum of NDVI and length of adjacent water in each year, it is appeared that all values of each variable are decreased from 1999 to 2004. On the contrary, they are increased in 2006, and averaged NDVI and LAW is increased remarkably. The ecosystem of the wetland been rehabilitated after the durable dam completion, and there is a possibility to recover the biodiversity.

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We took the reflectance data images cutting a specific wavelength band by a digital camera with a high pass filter on the doline in the Hirano-dai Karst Plateau. Through the subtraction tool of GIS, the reflection date image of corresponding Landsat TM3 band and TM4 band which is can be made by two images taken by digital camera. And, we calculated NDVI and classified a land cover by maximum likehood method using this reflection date image on GIS. Consequently, 1)NDVI images shows realistic distribution. 2)Land cover Classification with a digital camera images that synthesized corresponding TM4 band reflects the reflectance of vegetation. 3)NDVI images and Land cover classification reflects soil characteristics. Therefore, with a digital camera images as remote sensing data can be applied to the research for environment.

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This paper aims to make clear the relationship between the aspect of present activities and problems of 'open garden' activities which have become diverse in these years by hearing to all open garden groups in Hyogo Prefecture, in order to search for effective system supporting these activities. As the results, it was observed that there are so many types of open garden activities, purpose and problems. Also it was observed that there was relationship between the purpose and the position of the field, and according to the purpose of these activities, the contents of the activities changed, and there is some relationship between the problems of each open garden group and the organization structure of open garden activity management and the number of gardens in each group.

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In this research, residents' awareness of biotopes with water facilities inside housing complexes, usage patterns, and maintenance related to them were investigated to manage the upkeep and acquire basic data on biotope maintenance. As a result, regardless of the location or form of biotopes, about 90% were evaluated as good. The most common usage of biotopes was ′Viewing while passing by,′ which suggested the necessity to place these in resting facilities or educate people to increase other usages. About half of the subjects wished for the maintenance company to continue the upkeep. The interest in the participation of maintenance is high, but concerns exist over the continuation of maintenance. The evaluation of biotope maintenance was highest for ′hedges and trees,′ followed by ′lawns and grass′ and ′streams and ponds,′ where it was understood that the management of emergent plants was vital in water-side areas without regular upkeep.

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To determine the ecological characteristics of Pinus massoniana Lamb and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb) Hook which co-dominate a natural coniferous forest in the Huangshan region of Anhui Province, eastern China, we examined the size structure, spatial patterns, and tree height-diameter relationship of both species. P. massoniana dominated the canopy layer, but smaller individuals were scarce. In contrast, C.lanceolata co-dominated the sub-canopy layer and had a considerable number of saplings / sprouting from the root collar of larger individuals. At small scales, the spatial pattern of P. massoniana tended to be overdispersed, whereas that of C. lanceolata was clumped. In a young sttand, tree height at a given stem diameter was larger for P. massoniana than for C. lanceolata. P. massoniana is a fast-growing, shade-intolerant species that has high mortality rates if suppressed and regenerates only after large-scale disturbances. C. lanceolata is a relatively slow-growing, shade-tolerant species.

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Damage of Mass Japanese oak mortality in Aichi Prefecture by Raffaelea quercivora was confirmed in 2005 at first, and also spreaded in EXPO 2005 Commemorative Park until 2007. In this study, the damage of Mass Japanese oak mortality in this park was investigated and the cost of pharmaceutical expense for prevents their behavior at the entire park was calculated. As a result, the mortality of Quercus serrata was 17.0% in RINSYOKAEN plot and 14.3% in SHINRINRAKUEN plot. Moreover, there are 587 trees which should inject the medicine for Mass Japanese oak mortality in the entire park, and the cost was calculated 6394400 yen as initial cost (3394400 yen for medicine injection, 3000000 yen for management of dead trees). The expansion can be prevented by executing a prior medicine injection to Q. serrata Murray subsp. mongolicoides H.Ohba. that encounters the mass attack easily and preservation value is high in this region.

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Distribution and habitat conditions of Penthorum chinense Pursh,a threatened plant species, in the lower Chikugo River were investigated. Submergence tolerance, NaCl stress on germination and growth from a cutting were studied. P. chinense individuals were distributed in the area from 14.8km to 22.3km from the river mouth. Especially, zonation of P.chinense community were established at the nearest position to the low water channel. It was suggested that P.chinense had the potential for the population persistence in the disturbed area of the riverside.

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It has been reported that avifauna in a habitat patch is influenced by landcover in the adjacent land of the habitat patch. It is probably because the adjacent land may play a role of movement route or supplementary habitat. Birds using the adjacent land must cross the edge between the habitat patch and the adjacent land though they are likely to avoid doing so. We studied the relationship between the abundance of birds crossing such edges and landcover outside the edges in urbanized areas in Tokyo, Japan. The results indicated that deciduous trees outside the edges help urban-avoider bird species to cross edges. When we consider avian fauna in urban woods, we should notice that the attributes of the edges around habitat patches may influence bird movement over habitat edges.

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This research aimed to verify the influence which roots cutting exerted on the growth of the roadside trees, and to management of an excellent street landscape through the comparison with the tree form. 40 trees (cornus florida L.) were divided into roots cutting group and control group (each 20 trees), and trees height, amount of branch extension, diameter of trunks, number of leaves, and maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax) were measured at existed 18 trees from June to September, 2008. As a result, the average of trees height on roots cutting was 0.41cm lower than control, the average of diameter of trunks on roots cutting was 0.03cm higher than control. The diameter of trunks has grown instead of the tree height's decreasing. By the coloring water absorption experiment, the root on the cut side supplied water to the same side branch, then the number of leafs in the branch on cutting side has decreased by water absorption trouble. But, Pmax was maintained from the rise of the amount of water which was able to be used at the individual leaf. It was suggested that natural tree form of roadside trees were able to be maintained by roots cutting.

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Recently there have been growing concerns over human-wildlife conflicts. Thus, public consensus building for wildlife damage management becomes important. In this research, we paid special attention to distribution of human attitudes dependent on distance from wild animal's habitat. Our investigations suggested that knowledge and attitudes towards wildlife management were associated with distance from habitats and difference of animal. In addition, we suggest that the role of mass media is important for public consensus building, but various information are required.

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To clarify the environmental factors such as landform and size of forest that affect the presence of larvae of Pyrocoelia fumosa, we recorded the distribution of larvae in suburban area openspace forest. In the result, we found larvae at 6 forest out of 29. There were Yato landform at all forests that the larvae were found. About the relationship between presence of larvae and size of forest, the size of forest that the larvae were found are about 8.7ha or more, and the result from logistic analysis it was shown that adequate forest size that is suitable for the larvae. It was suggested that to conserve Pyrocoelia fumosa Yato landform and constant size of forest is important.

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A large-scale fence which prevented the invasion of the deer on Senjogahara moor of Nikko National Park has seven opening points that were not able to get a fence ready. When many deer invade the inside of the fence from these opening points, the function of the fence is lost. This study clarified the enforcement process of the invasion countermeasures from 2006 in the opening point, and evaluated the effectiveness of countermeasures from the number of invasions of the deer. As a result, the net in the river, the grating and the supersonic wave device in the road were carried out, and those three kinds of countermeasures were effective. This result serves as a reference for other large-scale fence to prevent deer.

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This research reviewed how the civic group has developed their management system in the Negiuchi historical park. The system includes management planning, practical management and vegetative monitoring integrally. When the city had just called their civic volunteers, conflicts about the mowing policy among the members and lack of knowledge about wetland vegetation prevented their smooth communication. Introducing the regular meeting promoted sharing their opinions. Additionally, starting the vegetation monitoring made the volunteers understand the wetland vegetation dynamics, because they could receive the reports of the vegetation monitoring. To carry out an adaptive management scientifically in the study area, constructing more rational system is needed.

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Recently, public meeting by randomly selected citizen are held in the word and in Japan. That kind of meetingis noticed as new method of understanding the citizen opinion. We held the meeting on the subject of municipal vision, and verify the diversity and deliberativeness of this method. Demographic attributes of the participants was not as same as that of whole city, but behavior of them was different from that of usual participants who were representatives or voluntary persons. Participants' choice changed after the meeting. Information and discussion seems to affect the participants to change their choice. But it also revealed that the participants didn't surely convince their choice. We can say that change of the choice was a result of deliberation. We also need further study for mechanism of change.

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This research is investigation for finding out the ideal method of carrying out the river management of civic groups. The hearing survey on administrator and active civic groups was done in KAKITAGAWA River in SIZUOKA. As a result, the amount of spring water in KAKITAGAWA river is a tendency to decrease every year and the civic groups take a positive activity to attempt the improvement of the problem. Civic groups does an original activity in KAKITAGAWA river , also maintenance of the fluvial environment and a positive activity for the improvement is doing. Through these activities , a coordinated system has been gradually constructed between each group.

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Recently, the numbers of communities and neighborhood associations, which have their own websites for the purpose of local revitalization and information transmission, have been increasing. Depopulated settlements, however, confront many difficulties for building and managing such websites due to lack of the person who is capable of maintaining them and low internet utilization ratio among residents. In this study, we established the website of the N community located in the northern part of Kyoto prefecture with residents using microblogging and advanced the possibilities of their own information storage and local revitalization. Most residents positively accept this platform and understand the purpose of this project. Further progress can be expected in the future.

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Global governance debate often comes with the argument of public participation and its importance. However, in an international setting where anarchy has been considered as its nature and states have known as the primary actors, it is still not clear how much public involvement could be expected. Global governance theory usually has positive insights toward public participation. This paper is going to review two major global governance theorists' views toward public participation. Then, draw some insights from the examples of negotiation at Johannesburg Environmental Summit and the Aarhus Convention. From those examples, it concludes that public participation in global decision making is strengthen by institutionalization of public participation.

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Social capital, which consists of trust, reciprocity, and network, is intangible, and this fact causes a problem in measuring it. Traditionally, the quantity of social capital is measured from the stated preference data through a questionnaire. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between social capital measured from stated preference data and a person's actual behavior from revealed preference data gathered through a laboratory experiment, i.e. a trust game. Concerning trust and reciprocity, which are factors of social capital, the results suggest that the degree of individual trust or reciprocity measured by stated preference data explains little of subjects' observed behavior requiring trust or reciprocity in the trust game.

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In this research, authors analyzed issues for implementation of payment for watershed service in the field level, using case study of Cidanau watershed, Indonesia. In Cidanau watershed, the Water Company made contract with farmers groups and provide fund for rehabilitation and conservation of forest. Two farmers group was organized for this scheme, but one of the groups violated the contract and contract was cancelled. Through the comparative study of activities of two farmers group, it become clear that the conditions which make farmers group to work properly and contribute to forest conservation is appointment and education of appropriate leader, and development of trustworthiness among members.

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People are working everywhere because of the amenity improvement of living conditions. Especially, we tend to re-recognize the value of aquatic environment and maintain water and the water facilities that stuck to daily life. We can see the reciprocal help which formed among local populaces through traditional water facilities in these areas. Then, in the research, my view point is traditional water facilities ″Mambo″. And I will be able to obtain the opinion about maintenance water environment through the traditional water facilities that formed the facilities and the characteristic and the space and the resident. Result, I understood that ″Mambo″ formed the reciprocal help and tacit approval among residents. And I could see that resident's relations are urged and it become regional resource.

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This paper, taking the river basin area of San-En-Nanshin Region as a case study, aims to clarify the urban resident's interest in living in the mountainous region as well as the current situation and expectation in the rural areas towards receiving new residents. The results are as follows. It was confirmed that there are many urban residents with hopes of moving to the mountainous region. It was also confirmed that there are villages in the mountainous region with a past record of immigration from urban areas, and that the village leaders intend to receive more urban residents in the future. In this research, it is clarified that to promote settlement or temporary stays by urban area residents in mountainous regions, an approach considering the downstream urban areas and the mountainous regions within the same river basin under one framework can be an effective method.

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We inspected of the transfer colony of the marginal village which case with Outou Wakayama Prefecture in 1970's. As a result, it has been understood that the administration has the role in hard respect like the support of the living facility and the capital and devices on the business, and the resident succeeded in a community formation with a brewing of the spirit and a smooth consensus building. As for the Transfer Colony, it was performed in both. However, it is difficult to improve the marginal village only by the transfer colony, so a government must select life enhancement or regional vitalization project according to condition of marginal village.

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Unprecedented infrastructure construction, particularly in the transportation sector, has recently taken in China. This study estimated the material stock of transportation construction in China from 1993 to 2007. The results indicated that the steel, cement, and sand and gravel stocks of the railway system increased 1.5, 2.1 and 1.6 times, respectively, between 1993 and 2007, but the wood stock decreased. The steel and cement stocks of the highway system increased 18 and 2.8 times, respectively. Steel recycling is thus becoming an important factor for transportaion construction in China.

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This study aims to elucidate the current situation of regional environmental cooperation regime in Northeast Asia, by assessing the present status of five existing regional cooperation mechanisms through literature review and interviews. As a result, it was found out that there lacks coordination among five mechanisms in terms of their activities. Further, it was clarified that adiministrative operational system as well as decision-making system differ by each mechanisms. Also, it was understood that only limited level of cooperative norm has been formed for the solution of regional environmental problems. Moreover, it was indicated that different countries have taken different initiatives for each cooperation mechanisms with the various level of contributions.

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Compost manufacturing is a time-consuming process particularly when wood chips are used as raw materials. Decomposition of wood materials is usually facilitated by using different mechanical procedures for large-scale compost production. However, small-scale composting of wood materials especially without a machine has many difficulties. In the study, we carried out experiments by using wood chips and fallen leaves as main raw materials for compost. Small amounts of wood vinegar and waste molasses were added as fermentation accelerators, whereas rice bran, oil cake and fermented chicken manure were added as secondary materials. From the observations and results based on periodical temperature, C/N ratio and germination test, it was found that the addition of wood vinegar and waste molasses as fermentation accelerators had quickened the mixture to attain and sustain the temperatures required for compost maturity. In particular, molasses showed the capacity of maturity periods of 3 and 4 months based on the tests of C/N ratio and germination test, respectively.

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Reviewed is the information of water pollution accidents disclosed by 47 prefectural governments in Japan. The water pollution accidents-related information was found in 35 prefectural governments, which is equivalent to 74% of total governments. The contents were mostly in general nature and specific information is limited. In particular, information of potential environmental risks relating to water pollution accidents is rarely found. The review indicates that many incidents, which are around 3-70 times of accidents reported, may occur. Future perspectives of information development of water pollution accidents are discussed.

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Bacterial strains were cultured by separation in an acid-producing process in order to improve the efficiency of two step methane fermentaion. Separated strains were cultivated a pure culture, among which effective strains were selected based on the comparison of proliferating and metabolizing ability. As a result, thirty-eight separated strains were obtained in the acid production process. Moreover, No.24 and No.28 were superior strains compared to other strains as shown by the comparison of pure culture of separated strains. Therefore, this study determines that No.24 and No.28 were effective bacterial strains suitable for the acid-producing process of two-step methane fermentaion.

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In this study, we analyze the value determinants of the quality of offset-credit through structured questionnaire survey on the general consumer preferences. In addition, the study is also focused on how consumer's personal attributes and their environmental awareness level (energy-saving activity, eco-friendly purchase behavior, and sensitiveness to environmental information) influence the determinants. The objective of this study is to propose an effective and appropriate consumer-based carbon offset scheme.

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In this paper, a structural equation model (SEM) was constructed based on the results of the questionnaire survey intended for the small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) in Kawasaki City, Japan. We discussed the pathways by which green supply chain management (GSCM) was promoted in SMEs. As a result, it was clarified that GSCM of SMEs had been promoted by domestic regulations, management measures and the global movements. Moreover, it was suggested that the GSCM of the SMEs were converting from a superficial, limited correspondence to essential and active correspondence.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate influences of firms' ″environmental management activities″ and ″employment system″ on their management. Japanese machinery manufacturing companies whose stocks are listed on stock exchange were taken as an example of typical firms with data availability. The first part of this study conducted statistical analysis with data of 51 machinery manufacturing companies related to ″sustainable management″; management, environment, and employment. The result showed positive relationship as well as consequences between disclosure of environmental information, flexible employment schemes, and corporate value. The second part conducted a series of interview survey on some of those 51 companies. It revealed companies that involved disclosure of environmental information and employment system were aware of such activities' positive effects on their corporate values.

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This study aimed to seek a direction for successful new town renovation by surveying residents' awareness regarding green space management. The survey showed that there was high appreciation for public green spaces, such as parks and green walks, and greenery surrounding residential areas, suggesting the importance of enhancing both the value and quality of green spaces in a complementary way. It also indicated that successful green space management involves utilizing green spaces as a venue for residents' interaction and cultural activities of residents, creating a new attraction through the cooperation of various entities, and synergistically improving the quality of both hard and soft elements. To realize this, it is effective to bring the layer of younger residents who hope for more active involvement with green environments to light, and enhance the diversification of green space management by encouraging their participation in activities.

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This experiment explores the possibility of application of wastes such as waterworks and sewage sludge and construction debris by visual observation in order to make effective use of those wastes as basic material for rooftop planting. We chose waterworks sludge and composted sewage sludge as main rarw material, and also charcoal, wood chips, cedar periderm and pumice as soil improvement agents. The result shows that those wastes and improvement agents can be effectively used as the basic material for rooftop planting, meeting the standard of water quality in rainfall time and maximum loading capacity that is important for rooftop planting. It also shows that charcoal is particularly effective among the soil improvement agents.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the difference of forest environment tax effects in the promotion of forest volunteer activities based on the social psychological perspective. A structural equation model is applied to analyze these differences to use the quetionnaire data about forest volunteer activities from 750 residents in three prefectures. The proposed model demonstrates the difference of forest environment tax effects in three prefectures to promote forest volunteer activities. The implications of the findings for promoting forest volunteer activities are discussed.

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This research first presents an Ecosystem Services Use (ESU) framework for connecting industrial environmental interventions and ecosystem services. Taking the specific case of forests, it quantifies these linkages, before applying input-output analysis to estimate the total embodied ESU values across 32 Japanese industry sectors. Forest regulating services use outweighs provisioning use in all sectors except the ' pulp, papre and wooden products ' sector. Analysis also shows high direct and embodied service use in the primary and energy related sectors. The ESU suggests that assessment of the nature of interactions (i.e. negative, neutral, or positive) is essential for ecosystems related decisions in industry.

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In order to explore the possibility that labor market evaluation of environment-friendly companies encourage corporate voluntary pro-environmental behaviors, I conducted a questionnaire survey to investigate whether new graduates considered corporate pro-environmental behavior when choosing the companies to which they apply. The results revealed that among graduates who considered corporate pro-environmental behaviors during their job hunt, some based their decision of applying on a company's work on environmental problems, while the others did not. Moreover, the results suggested that both groups of graduates differed in their reasons for considering a company as environment-friendly as well as in their impressions of environment-friendly companies.

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Financing based on a firm's environmental performance (financing employing environmental ratings; FEER) is one of policy measures which can guide firms' behavior through financial incentives. Indeed, since the 1990s, several cases of such financing instruments have appeared in Japan. However, the current situation in Japan, especially the attitudes of firms to be financed is not well-known. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was conducted for firms, including ones with no prior knowledge on FEER, in Shiga Prefecture, where active environmental financing practices occur. Overall, the relationship between firms' attitudes towards FEER and firms' types were identified. It is indicated that for the purpose of expanding FEER, firms of medium scales, conducting certain environmentally-friendly practices, should be targeted and confidence on the integrity of the purpose of FEER should be gained.

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In order to find keys to perform CSR, EMS-introduced enterprises in Hokkaido were analyzed with questionnaires. The correlation between internal control and environmental management was observed except manufacturing and best practice companies. Excellent manufacturing companies revealed negative correlation between internal control and environmental performance. Also, strong negative correlation between environmental management and environmental performance for non-manufacturing business was observed. Three factors were presented to explain those differences in business categories. CSR performance is influenced by the power of internal control for these companies.

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In this paper, awareness, consciousness and acceptance were analyzed for sludge-derived energy utilization by a questionnaire survey to sewage treatment sectors. As a result of the survey, it was revealed that: almost half of sewage works agree to utilize sludge as energy resources; value of the sludge as a fuel is estimated around 1,100 yen per a ton of dewatered sludge; large sewage works showrelatively defined acceptance of using sewage sludge fuel.

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The Organization for Management of Vehicles Abandoned in Public Places contributes to the cost of removing illegal dumped end-of-life vehicles for local governments. In this study, on the basis of the questionnaire survey we administered to local governments, we present an analysis of its contribution. We attempt to analyze the organization primarily equity and efficiency, through comparative analysis with the polluter pays principle and Pigovian tax. The results of our analysis indicate that the contribution of the organization improves equity and efficiency and contributes toward the expeditious removal illegal dumping.

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In this paper, we analyzed the material flow and emission of lead in Japan, Thailand and Philippines quantitatively. As a result, we revealed that approximately 70% of lead in used products is recovered in Japan, and approximately 90% of lead is recovered in Thailand and Philippines. In addition, the main source of lead emission into the air and water is refining and stock , and the volume of emission from illegal sectors in Thailand is large, therefore, human health risk should be concerned in local and regional areas in Thailand.

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Determination of service area perimeters, within which a bank can sell its mitigation cedit, is at the forefront of the interplay between bank owners' economic demands and biodiversity conservation regulation. Our broad-scale analysis of current service area perimeters identified influential determining factors for 135 SA maps of 53 conservation banks in California. We also introduced the ″Bank-Service area″ (B-S) rate as an indicator of tension between economic and environmental stakeholders. As the result of a U.S. federal guidance in 2003 that SA perimeters should correspond to recovery units, approximately half ot the explained factors were recovery units. The B-S rate appears to have increased since 2000. Including the SA itself, this rate is expected to converge into certain values.

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I classify the decoupling status using the change rate of CO₂ emission per capita and the change rate of income per capita at the prefecture level in Japan. I evaluate the influence over the change rate of CO₂ emission per capita by the change rate of income per capita, the change rate of energy intensity and the change rate of carbon intensity employing decompositon method. I clarify the influence of the change rate of income per capita, the change rate of energy intensity and the change rate of carbon intensity on the decoupling status. As a result, 4 prefectures achieve ″Absolute good decoupling″, and both the change rate of energy intensity and the change rate of carbon intensity are negative in all prefectures.

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An attention has been drawn on the balance between an improvement of agricultural productivity and habitat conservation .The purpose of this paper is to reveal effects of consumers' risk and time preferences toward its balance. In this study, we conducted a lottery experiment with university students and observed their reactions to get data on risk and time preferences. Information on personal characteristics was also gathered from a questionnaire. The results show that the time discounting rate and degree of risk aversion are not statistically correlated with attitudes toward habitat conservation, while the degree of loss aversiton is statistically correlated with it. This suggests that a loss-averse person regards an improvement in economic efficiency less important than the habitat environmental degradation it potentially causes.

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In recent years, a number of local governments and institutions are introducing eco-points and local monetary system specializing in environmental activities as a system to give incentives to citizens' environmental activities. Based on the approaches to reduce environmental loads through eco-points and monetary system in Kitakyushu City, Shinjuku-ku and Kochi Prefecture, this research considers the correlationship between the economical incentives of citizens given by their actions and the amount of reduction of environmental loads expected by the citizen's actions. This paper also reports some methods of approaches to visualize the effects of reducing environmental burden, and sorts out some essential points how environmental activities by citizens are fostered through such approaches.

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When an environmental history of the 20th century is compared by arranging it at each division of Ashio, Japan, and the world, the similarity is seen by the historical change. It turns out that the environmental history of Ashio is also influenced by the environmental history in the world. There are advancement and circulative in the progress of the history. There is expansion of the space of an environmental problem as advancement of the history of an environmental problem. It corresponds to internationalizaion of the present environmental problem. There are problems of mine pollution in present developing countries as circulative of the history of environmental problems. It is not the same as problems of mine pollution at the Industrial Revolution at all.

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This study takes the Yanjing Eight Views (YEV) as the object. Based on the investigation data, the transition of the recognition and appreciation of each scenic spot and unity of the YEV were unscrambled and analyzed, the characteristics were examined. The following conclusions were obtained: the transition of the YEV is a process from formation, development, prosperity, decline and reconstruction. The transition is closely connected with the existence of Beijing as the capital, the preference for the Han culture of the rulers of ethnic minorities, dynastic changes and wars, the growth of protection for relics and traditional cultures and environmental consciousness. The representation was gradually diversified, greatly contributing to its survival. The changes in the experience and recognition groups and character embody its transition from the landscapes and culture for the appreciation of the ruling class to landscapes and culture that the general public can experience and appreciate now.

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