We evaluated the correctness of roadkill(RK) species identification by citizens and road maintenance personnel in 1,601 mammalian RK records collected by the city office of Tsukuba, Ibaraki. We compared citizen report descriptions and maintenance personnel confirmations (non-expert identification) with expert identification. Our results showed that correct RK species identification by road maintenance staff was made at a significantly higher degree than those by citizens, which improved the reliability of species description in the final record. On the other hand, none of rare or invasive species were correctly identified. The study showed that RK species records collected for road maintenance purposes are reliable to a certain extent, although such RK records alone may be insufficient for conservation purposes.

The Naruto Strait, which connects the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific Ocean, is a place of scenic beauty famous for whirlpools. We researched about the features of scenic viewpoints, including the way that whirlpools are actually seen from them. As a result of field surveys at selected potential 32 scenic viewpoints located around the strait, 16 points were identified as places where whirlpools were observable. Among them, 5 points were found particularly suitable for appreciating whirlpools. Fixed-point observation and photo analysis of whirlpools were conducted at these 5 points at spring tide. The results show that 2 points on a bridge are suitable for appreciating the form and dynamic changes of whirlpools themselves, while 3 traditional viewpoints are for appreciating various strait landscapes to which whirlpools add accents and expressions.

This study aims to clarify the spatial composition of enclosed forest with houses in relationship between settlement formation and species in Polders, Noubi Plain. Through field surveys and mapping analysis by using aerial photographs and historical documents, compositions of enclosed forests in this area can be divided to four types as the result. Three types of all are placed not only for individual houses, but also for settlements as a series of forests.Species of trees for enclosed forests are selected by functional purposes with considering the features of each species of tree.

The study aims to discuss the recognition structure about the Japanese Garden identity by clarifying reasons for the incongruity feelings that native Japanese felt about overseas Japanese gardens. As a result, it was found that the material and shape of a single garden element was important. Through correspondence analysis, 3 dimensions that showed the focus points from the aspects of ‘natural objects / artifacts’ ‘landscape features / element features’ and ‘clear/unclear boundary’ was found. Analysis within this structure suggests that the main elements are easy to see and ‘the traditional’ ‘the depth of the landscape’ ‘the fit with adjacent elements’ are important when recognizing Japanese gardens. The contrast with the surroundings of landscape elements such as color and texture, is also an important part.

This study treats the moor in Oze National Park as a case study area and aims 1) to clarify the relationship between the visitor awareness of the impact by Sika deer and the intention of support for management program, and 2) to consider the management program for the conservation of the Oze value through grasping the structure of value sense of Oze. As a result, large area fence for deer entering prevention was supported the highest and the value of Oze’s magnificent landscape was accepted strongly. In addition to this, visual experience of genuine deer and wallowing places was related to intention of support for extermination by using guns and traps positively. However, the intention of support for large are management was based not on the value sense of Oze but on the recognition of degree of influence, it was thought to be necessary to strengthen the awareness structure.

In Japan, the introduction of the WET test is considered, but this test may be different from the actual ecosystem because it is a test for a single species. In this study, we developed the WET test using microcosm which is a simulated ecosystem. Both the number of organisms and DO after drainage addition were analyzed by branched-type ANOVA, and the microcosm no observed effect concentration (m-NOEC) and toxicity unit (TU) were calculated. As a result, the TU of experiment building drainage was calculated as 10 and, assessed that it was discharged safely.

In recent years, studies on the urban sustainability transitions (UST) have been accumulated over the globe. In Japan, however, it seems that no UST research was conducted, as far as the author knows. Such research circumstances require further UST studies. The purpose of the present study was to identify influences of technological innovations and cities at the micro level on sustainable societies at the macro level in the housing domain using the multi-level perspective (MLP) as the analytical framework. As a result of the panel data analyses, it was partially revealed that technological innovations and cities had positive effects on the sustainable societies.

This study is focused on 29 SDGs Future cities appointed by the Japan's government. SDGs Future city initiative has related to existing Environmental Model city and Environmental Future city initiatives so far. Based on results of counting related goals and targets of SDGs in all SDGs Future city plans, in addition to goal 7 and 11 which were focus of Environmental Future cities mainly, it is clarified that number of plans which relate to goal 8, 9 and 13 are increasing. And a different trend between the global indicator and key performance indicators of SDGs Future cities regarding the target 17.17 and difficulties to collect relevant data and to set indicators boundaries were found.

Velocity of climate change (VoCC) is a metric that describes the speed to keep pace with climate change. We estimated VoCC for 54 scenarios (6 GCMs × 3 RCPs × 3 thresholds) by comparing annual mean temperatures of 1981?2010 and 2076?2100 over Japanese land areas at about 1 km² spatial resolution. Estimated values ranged among 36.8?308.6 m/year. We also visualized the results for users to plan local adaptation measures to climate change.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between sky view factor (SVF) and land surface temperature (LST) at high resolution. The SVF was calculated using a digital surface model with a resolution of 2 m, and the distribution of LST was made with a 2 m resolution using the thermal imaging camera which was installed on the helicopter. Then, we analyzed the relationship between SVF and LST both in daytime and night-time. Simple urban model was made and was simulated and the relationship between the simulated SVF and LST was compared. The results showed that the relationship between the SVF and the LST at high-resolution has positive correlation where a higher value of the SVF correspond to a higher value of the LST. Similar results were also shown in the simulation.

In order to promote city planning with adaptation for thermal environment by utilizing regional resources, the surveys were conducted in “Fuji-dori” of Kasukabe city。 From the results of measurements, the effects of mitigating thermal environment by wisteria shelf is confirmed. In addition, it was able to verify the effects of heat stress reduction during walking under wisteria shelf。 Promoting city planning with adaptation for thermal environment using wisteria shelf, the actions which are appropriate maintenance and management of wisteria shelf, quantitative evaluation of the effects, and effective information provision, are important。

Small wind power which is defined as a turbine with less than 20kWh capacity has recently increased in Japan. However, little is known about the community acceptance of small wind power in previous studies so far nor in the actual situation due to no specific regulations. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to clarify the community acceptance from viewpoints of environmental, psychological and geographical factors. In order to achieve it, a questionnaire survey was conducted, targeting 129 municipalities where the small wind power or its guideline was already installed. The other questionnaire survey was also carried out on local residents living near small turbines in Oga city, Akita prefecture to clarify the community response. The actual installation of the small wind power and major factors of community response were eventually revealed.

To clarify actual situation of collaborative activities among various organizations for environmental conservation, this study conducted a questionnaire survey to NPOs and analyzed 156 respondents. As a result, 88.5% of NPOs had collaboration experience, and those activities type were not dependent on the field. Having classified 138 collaborative activities, it was considered that NPOs of type-A improve member’s skills and collaborate with other NPOs in a small scale; type-B have high expertise and share resources with various organizations; and type-C have no intention of collaborating and receive various resources from governments.

Because of Japan’s declining population and aging population, the necessity of sustainable city development is recognized, then compact city policies have been introduced in Japan. In this paper, we clarify problems which could be possible to occur after introducing compact city policies by simulating basic land-use patterns. We show some characteristics for each land-use pattern by comparing their transformations under some conditions. From our results, the city planning is suggested to require a long term perspective with considering the change of urban structure by aging of citizens. Furthermore, we need to formulate city planning based on the characteristics of urban structures.

Necessity of a hydrogen energy society has recently recognized and installation of hydrogen stations have actually been increased. However, it has been found that local residents concern about safety of hydrogen and reported a local opposition due to its project development. Although appropriate information-providing is necessary to get agreement, but factor of getting agreement is not clear enough. This study aimed to clarify factors affecting on local residents’ attitude to hydrogen stations by conducting a questionnaire survey on local residents living near hydrogen stations. As a result, it was revealed that the necessity of hydrogen stations was likely to be related to the acceptance rather than the risk. It was also clarified that the knowledge of hydrogen did not necessarily contribute to enhancement of the acceptance.

In recent years, it is required to comprehensively design cities and ports, and to construct a port city with an identity. It is the purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the port city by statistical data analysis and questionnaire survey to administrative agencies. The following was clarified by this study. 1) 49 port cities were classified into 7 groups. 2) The range of the surrounding zone of the port and harbor area assumed by the port city is classified from the viewpoint of "geographical spread" and "shape of zone". 3) It is shown that relation between characteristic of urban structure and maintenance of surrounding zone of the port and harbor area in port city by correspondence analysis.

We analyzed influence of satisfaction with living environment and social capital of occupants upon satisfaction with whole of Seinan area, where finished urban development project in 2013. As a result, we found satisfaction of living environment has influence on satisfaction with whole of Seinan area. And difference items of living environment have influence on satisfaction with whole of Seinan area at Mukainakano and Kita-Iioka district where inside the Seinan area. But social capital has not influence on satisfaction with whole of Seinan area. It has suggested to inspect that possibility of application of social capital to urban problem where it's not long since area from new urban development.

We provided the same information by a poster and the video contents to clarify difference of the consciousness change and the memory rate of provided informations to the local city young group. As a result of experiment, the reporting with the video contents rises consciousness of refrain from automobility. The reporting that kept the interactivity such as the quiz lets a target person memorize information which related to a quiz directly.　But other information offered at the same time tends to be hard to win through up to memory. The reporting with the video contents raising a memory rate about the information that had low direct connection in a quiz.

This paper contributes to clarify the structure of international students' living environment evaluation applying hierarchical bayesian model. The questionnaire survey conducted in this research included the questions not only based on the existing methods but also based on the output of the international education researches. The result of this analysis expresses that (1) influence to living environment by international education and experience to live oversea was major, and (2) difference of the cooperation to group life would be a great factor according to the random effect analysis.

Individual environmental behavior and awareness are influenced by friends, families, and peers. This study explored the relationship between the acquirement of the knowledge in the environmental education program related to solid waste management and the students’ friendship network through the case study in Calamba city, the Philippines. As a result of questionnaire survey to Grade 6 students, we found that degree centrality and closeness centrality were positively associated with the students’ knowledge acquirement about proper solid waste management. Also, it was deduced from the results of interviews with teachers that the students' friendship network may play an important role in the students' knowledge acquirement.

The purpose of this study is to obtain fundamental knowledge to clarify the relationship between the environmental education (henceforth, EE) in elementary school and pupils' environmental awareness in Taiwan. We have made three investigations in elementary school in Miaoli. (1) Hearing surveys of the actual conditions of EE, (2) questionnaire surveys of pupils' environmental awareness, and (3) questionnaire surveys of pupils' environmental awareness who took an EE class under the same program. As a result, three characteristic patterns have been extracted based on the programs developed for different groups and the total yearly class time at each school. Moreover, our survey revealed that differences in EE in each school would affect pupils' environmental awareness, and that even if they are taught the same EE, a synergistic effect to raise pupils' environmental awareness is observed in elementary schools giving more enriched EE.

We examined how the experience of touching nature and creatures during childhood affects the subsequent preference for wild animals from a questionnaire survey targeting visually impaired people. Questionnaires were distributed to visually impaired organizations across the country and responses were obtained from 96 visually impaired persons. The results of the questionnaire, which asked responders whether they liked or disliked wild animals, showed that 50% liked wild animals, 40% disliked wild animals and 10% showed no interest. Our analysis of the responses indicated that the experience of touching nature and creatures between the ages of 4 to 8 years was associated with a liking for wild animals. This study indicates the importance of experience with nature and creatures in childhood regardless of whether or not there is a disability, and the need for a means to compensate for the lack of cognition associated with disability.

We investigated to which degree residents of areas with local government-led groundwater conservation understand and are interested in groundwater isotope analysis techniques through a questionnaire survey in Oshino Village, Yamanashi prefecture. Results showed that residents have similarly high degrees of interest in the information obtained through isotope techniques (origin, flow, age of groundwater) to information obtained through other techniques (quality, volume, temperature of groundwater). Groundwater flow was identified as an important focus of investigation for future groundwater conservation studies. While increasing knowledge about isotope analysis and interest in groundwater remains an issue, this study suggests that isotope analysis can facilitate obtaining a consensus of various stakeholders as one structural factor in groundwater management, even if management is initiated by the local government.

We hypothesized that college students with internet addiction disorder tendency or frequent escaping from reality by Internet use tend to develop a more severe, new type of depressive tendency and experience decreased quality of life (QOL). Conversely, students who exhibit higher levels of empathetic internet usage tending to encourage each other, have a higher psychological resilience, and show a preference for exercising with others, all of which suppress this new type of depressive tendency and improve QOL. Longitudinal data collected by questionnaire surveys of college students majoring in humanities were analyzed by structural equation modeling, and the results appeared to support our hypothesis,except for a few parts. In order to prevent this new type of depressive tendency in the current information society, it is essential to reduce Internet use for the purpose of escape and promote both exercising with partners and psychological resilience.

Lectures, group work, and eco-diagnosis were implemented as energy education programs. The educational effects were grasped from the change of consciousness after these implementation, and the change of the environmental consideration behavior was investigated three months after taking the lecture. As a result, attending the lecture improved all four consciousnesses of “interest”, “knowledge”, “thinking”, and “intention to act”. By implementing group work, consciousness of “thinking” was improved. It was confirmed that the consciousnesses of “interest”, “knowledge”, and “intention to act” were improved by eco-diagnosis. Also, from the comparison of energy consciousness and the results of “Things that had an influence on my behavior” in the survey three months later, it was thought that “lectures” are important for influencing pro-environmental behavior.

Questionnaire surveys were conducted in 2014 and 2019 for the residents of Sado. Four questions were selected from the surveys, and results of them were compared and analyzed. Both surveys showed that 3/4 answered environmental education should be required. The target audience of environmental education are both adults and children, and its contents should handle overall natural environment among Sado, and methods of it should include variety of techniques such as school education, utilization of public relations magazines and so on. Almost the same results were obtained between these two surveys.

The natural disaster "Dzud" gives the biggest shock to herders in Mongolia. The survey was conducted in Dundgobi Pref., which had the largest decline in the number of livestock in the country when a dzud occurred in 2010. 45 of the 138 herders’ households were no longer grazing after the dzud. In addition to the fact that such households lack the number of female livestock that can reproduce to replenish the annual decline of livestock, there are few herders and women herders, and there is no pastoral group that works together, creating a living base in urban areas. The Mongolian government gives a small number of livestock to households that have lost most of their livestock due to dzud. However, in this case, not only more than 60 females, but also consideration of livestock composition will be needed.

This paper says the necessity for introducing a perspective of ‘Ethical Consumption’ to promote local foods purchasing. An attribute of greens, which works to assist local environments, is evaluated by MWTP using a conjoint analysis. It is suggested a consciousness related to ethical consumption has made a contribution to high evaluated value on greens. It is necessary for local foods promotion to appeal to an altruistic spirit on consumer.

In this study, we investigated the distribution and maintenance of the chestnut forests that is one of the traditional resource utilization of Satoyama in Nose Town. As a result, almost current chestnut forests have cultivated in a slope, and the growers who well maintain the chestnut forests intend to sell the chestnut. However, most growers were not positive for future cultivation, and the understanding of the value of the chestnut forest was not sufficient for the growers. Therefore, it was suggested that abandoned forest will expand. For the conservation of the chestnut forests in Nose town, it is necessary to increase profitability and familiarize the value of the chestnut forests in and around the Town.

Regarding the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in Japan, there has been no widespread public debate. Why is it difficult to discuss the back-end issue? This paper focuses on the communication. As currently, technical one-way communication by experts is conducted to persuade the geological disposal safety. This paper carried an empirical “Deficit model” risk communication to analyze the citizen’s policy preference change and determinant factors. It is analyzed with 4 social acceptance factors (technical, institutional, economic and regional factors), trust, intergenerational equity and nuclear energy policy. It shows Deficit model communication is limited for preference change and citizen's determinant factor is not only technical but also institutional factors and intergenerational equity.

Digital detox is an effort to refrain from using digital devices for a certain period of time to reduce stress. This study aims to gain the fundamental research for digital detox. The purpose of this study is 1) to grasp the attributes of students and the usages of digital devices, addiction to digital devices, and to clarify their relationships, and 2) to grasp the way to spend working day and holidays, and the intension of digital detox, and to consider the possibility of digital detox. As a result, around half of the students used digital devices for 4 or more hours a day and the part of the students had some problems of university life related to the devices. Based on the intention of students, it was thought that restriction on use in usual time and going out to a place full of nature were useful for digital detox.

Questionnaire surveys were conducted to grasp trekkers' attitudes toward responsibilities and roles that trekkers, managers, guides and mountain huts should be accountable for related to cause factors of mountaineering incidents. We dealt with altitude sickness; danger spots on mountain trails; route guidance; volcanic eruption; severe weather; information exchange about mountaineering safety; and near-miss factors. As a result, the responsibilities and roles that each stakeholder should have showed different tendency against each factor of incident. In each factor, the responsibilities and roles differed among stakeholders. it is necessary to develop a cooperative system among these stakeholders corresponding to the characteristics of the factor by further research.

In late years a foreign tourist coming in our country is in a tendency to increase year by year. Therefore, it is thought that the measures to a foreign tourist said to that I am uneven in the experience such as an earthquake, the tsunami in our country where large-scale disasters are frequent are urgent business. In this study, I extracted the differences such as the refuge instructions that tourist facilities and a foreign tourist demanded and intended that I got knowledge to help the refuge instruction of the future foreign tourist. As a result, it is important that "marks perform signature maintenance" "the refuge instruction by the person" in the tourist facilities; more for reporting means of "Safety tips" it is thought that is connected for reporting, the refuge instruction that the foreign tourist demands by spreading.

Regarding collaborative management，this study aimed to clarify the local guides' initiative and awareness for participation in resource management by literature study, hearing, and questionnaire of forest tourism in Yambaru, and view the promotive measure . The relation between endemic natural environment and regional original history and cultures are consciously emphasized，and management measures including monitoring，classification of activity fields，utilization rules are well recognized. Especially monitoring practice lead local guides to have more chance to mixed up with professional researchers and related local government or organizations，and have interest for visitor's needs. It will help them to be trained for handling sustainable use and take more important role as independent actor.

This study investigated how consumer behavior to support the disaster region is related to consumer’s altruistic perception using a discrete choice experiment. We found that consumers with higher altruism scale scores are more willing to consume products from the disaster region. We also identified while age and education have negative impacts on such altruistic consumption, male and income have positive impacts. Finally, we discovered that such altruistic consumption is only apparent in Japanese products. We did not see such behavior toward foreign products. Our study shows that enhancing altruistic consumption is at least effective for supporting Japanese regions to recover their damages from natural disaster.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the needs of tourists visiting Japan from the perspective of Taiwanese travel agencies and the cooperation between tourism-related organizations that form these needs. Therefore, after grasping the market trend of community-based tourism in Japan, a questionnaire survey was conducted for Taiwanese travel agencies. As a result, Taiwanese tourists are interested in 1) community based tourism centering on green tourism, cultural tourism, and health tourism, and 2) so far, focusing on Japanese travel agencies. However, in the future, it is expected that cooperation with various tourism-related organizations in Japan is expected to expand, and 3) that this is aimed at cooperation with the management body of community-based tourism that shows interest.

A learning effect was investigated and analyzed using a nature-experienced environmental learning day. Immediately after learning, the sense of affinity, recognition of environmental risk, recognition of responsibility attribution increased, environmentally conscious behavior increased, learning effect was obtained. After one month of learning, a sense of affinity and environmentally conscious behavior had decreased compared to immediately after learning, but it remained the same or higher than before learning. However, with regard to one month after learning, there is a possibility of learning after that, so it can not be concluded that the learning effect is sustained.

In the case of the indication that a refuge-labeled pictogram is inappropriate, notation contents are important to lead to human damage at the time of a disaster. In this study, I investigate an understanding degree of the pictogram and am intended that I examine the way of a future disaster classification refuge instruction system and the pictogram. I assume the choice ground Kushimoto-cho, Higashimuro-gun, Wakayama and assume subjects of survey person inhabitants of Kushimoto-cho. Not pictogram same notation, it is thought that it is effective to put a letter.

In recent years, in order to establish a recycling-oriented society, Japan has been working on the improvement of resource recovery rate, on waste reduction and on the increase of the waste treatment energy efficiency under the 4th Fundamental plan for establishing a sound material-cycle society. Therefore, in this research, based on an input-output approach, we tried to calculate the Japanese waste footprint by using the extended waste input-output table. The amount of waste generated and landfilled waste through the life-cycle of each industrial sector were highlighted. Later, the waste footprint was compared with the carbon footprint, it was shown that reducing waste for "food manufacturing", "eating and drinking services" and "building construction" would lead to the mitigation of climate change.

By evaluating the environmental and economic efficiency of the Teshima waste disposal project related to the removal and treatment of industrial waste in the Teshima Incident, which is one of the largest cases of illegal dumping in Japan, we clarify the environmental load and the economic burden caused by this incident in which the illegal disposal of contaminated industrial waste continued without proper treatment. In this study, we analyzed the factors affecting the environmental impact and economic performance during the period of the project to clarify the problems that occurred during the removal, detoxification and recycling of inappropriately disposed industrial waste and the effects of countermeasures.

The annual production volume of disposable diapers in Japan is approximately 23.5 billion (2018, for infants and adults). Most of used disposable diapers are incinerated and recycled in some areas , but currently they are limited to open recycling and thermal recycling. In this study, a new technology to recycle used disposable diapers by closed recycling, recycling pulp and Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) as a raw material for disposable diapers is applied to life cycle assessment (LCA). As for GHG emissions, 47 % and 39 % reductions were achieved for landfill and incineration. Land use and water consumption are also expected to be reduced in the same way.

A survey of the resident’s recognition about Japanese crested ibis(Toki) in 10 years from the first release was carried out by the same method as previous research, which uses questionnaire. Firstly, positive recognition has been observed continuously while the number of Toki in the field has been increasing. Secondary, actual status of positive recognition could be identified separately during the first release to 6-10 years after. In this decade, the recognition, which to consider Toki as a "local symbol" has been deepened. However, worrying about agricultural point of view has been increasing. Residential recognition is still the level of “worry”, but in order to avoid it become “harmful birds” level, data collection on actual damage by Toki and its information dissemination are essential actions in near future.

Hokkaido Nemuro district has a northern area and a southern area. Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) catch is 20.3% in the southern region compared to the northern region. It is pointed out that this may be due to differences in the survival rate of salmon fry. This can be attributed to changes in river water quality due to basin land use. Compared to the northern district, the southern district had a smaller basin forest rate, more nitrogen input per hectare of the basin, and higher concentrations of NO3-N, acid-soluble Fe, and acid-soluble Al in river water. These facts suggest that river water quality changes due to basin land use, and there is a concern that it has some effect on salmon fry.

Degraded mangrove areas have increased and become a critical issue in Riau, Indonesia. Thus, local people are required to use and manage the remaining natural resources sustainably. In this study, interviews and network analysis were applied to identify the connections and strengths of mangrove ecosystem functions and services, and human wellbeing which this ecosystem brings to three ecotourism villages. As a result, the strength of connections and the component of ecosystem functions, services, and human wellbeing, which local people perceived varied among the villages. An ecosystem assessment which encompasses natural resource management and human wellbeing can be a useful approach for sustainable community-based management.

The novel ecosystem concept describes an ecosystem comprising species composition and an abiotic environment, which is completely different from the historical ecosystem. This concept has greatly influenced recent restoration ecology. Hobbs et al. (2006), its advocate, describes the boundary between the novel ecosystem and others as a “threshold,” insisting that different management methods designed to maximize the benefits gained from ecosystems should be adopted for a novel ecosystem that crosses an irreversible “threshold.” This differs from conventional ecological restoration methods, that is, restoring a site to its historical state. Although criticized, this concept has been used in numerous studies such as those in which novel ecosystems support high species diversity or endangered species’ habitats. The concept is useful when applied to research regarding environments with high human influence, such as urban areas.

In Katabira river basin, Yokohama city, we classified the location of green spaces by the composition of micro-scale landforms, and evaluated the relationship between the areas of classified green location types and the environmental conditions in the 629 basins in 15 tributary watersheds. Green location types were classified into 4 types, and the flat areas on uplands and hills, slope areas and the land uses in watersheds were significantly related to the distribution of the types. Especially, dispersal/slope type and dispersal/retention type are thought to be important for the outflow control in the river basin, and the utilization of green spaces based on the geographical pattern of run-off at basin level, by the land forms and the land uses at watershed level, will be needed for the functional arrangement of green infrastructure.

We constructed planning methodology of application of green infrastructure for formation of sound water environment especially in terms of recharge of groundwater and spring water, developing green infrastructure application scenarios and constructing groundwater simulation model appropriate in urban area. Target area is Kanda River Upper Basin in Tokyo. The results showed the possibility that application of green infrastructure policies, whose average infiltration amount in the target area is ca. 15.4 mm/h, can lead to recovery of sound water environment, such as rise of groundwater level more than 3 m in most plateau area and increase of spring water amount. In addition, we pointed out the possibility of designation of certain district “spring water recharge area”, in which green infrastructure policies can be applied intensively.

The Kiso River upstream embankments were built from 1601 to 1609, but afterward they were broken by repeated flooding and many spur dikes were placed at specific times and locations.This research investigated the relationship between the number of spur dikes and river course characteristics and the height of spur dikes and the dike break prevention effect. As a result, it became clear that the density of spur dikes is related to the water-surface slope of flood and that the height of spur dikes is related to dike breaks.

In this research, we focused on the river use in Nihonbashi River, and grasped the transition of the approach toward waterfront opening and the cooperation system of the organization groups related to it. As a result, in the case of Nihonbashigawa's efforts, an organization that supports cooperation within the region was built with the initiative of the administration led, and then developed into the approach of river use led by the private sector. In addition, we captured the characteristics of an intermediate organization that promotes opinion coordination and cooperation among organizational groups in the area.

The Climate Change Adaptation Act that was enacted in December 2018 recommends that all local governments should endeavor to formulate local climate change adaptation plans. This research project aims to develop a system (Vulpes: Vulnerability Pluralistic Evaluation System) for the visualization of climate risk considering local vulnerability and future social changes. This report summarizes the methods for assessing local vulnerability and modeling of future social changes. It also describes how the results will be used in the formulation of local adaptation plans through a participatory approach (e.g., workshop).