This study aims to evaluate the environmental effects and economic viability on eight forestry projects of CDM reported feasibility studies the Ministry of the Environment in Japan. The difference between GHG emission reductions of eight projects is due to project lifetime, land size and other factors. Emission reduction is estimated 4-1,733 ktCO₂, and 0.3-82.5 ktCO₂ per year. Additionally, benefit of CERs as carbon credit gives an incentive for projects. CERs are affected by accounting systems and price of credit. However, if CERs benefits are included, NPV of projects increase and economic viability will be better. Furthermore, considering environmental effects on preservation of biodiversity and water resources, we also clarified some technical and methodological problems and indicated the importance of these measures.

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This report presents an estimation of six indicators of water holding potential on the basis of soil pore component using forest soil survey data of 176 soil profiles in the Shikoku District and correlative analysis between six indicators and site environmental factors. 6 indicators were closely correlated with each other. The average value (±standard deviation) of water holding capacity (=porosity of small size and medium size) of 176 sites was 147(±54)mm, and this value was smaller than those of previous reports. Correlative analysis between six indicators and site environmental factors was executed and the results were summarized as follows. Soil parent materials factor strongly affected 6 indicators (metamorphic rocks>sedimentary rocks). Three factors (soil type, soil depth and tree species) were closely connected with each other and affected some indicators (wet soil>dry soil, deep>shallow, sugi plantation>hinoki plantation). The effects of forest age and slope factors couldn't be recognized.

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Tamagawa-Jyousui, as a series of growing basis of familiar green in the urban area, also as a precious historical heritage, has been concerned that the slope failure cause the declining of the function as the water way and cultural resource. In this study, we have clarified that there are three fundamental factors of slope failure; they are "frost column", "precipitation", "wind", "daylight" and "landform". We also identified that the trees on the slope or those close to it, proceeding the behavior. Accordingly, as the tree management policy to keep these slopes, we show the tree cutting priority in view of tree vitality. We found the problem that in managing practically, comprehensive decision should be made with the residents of the local community.

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Happo-one Ridge is located in the northern part of Japanese Alps and belongs to the Chubu-sangaku National Park. This ridge is composed by serpentinized rocks and soils, and it has special flora and vegetations. This ridge is very popular with trekkers and has been disturbed by human impacts such as much trampling. The erosion resulted in bare ground widely spread in the area and the vegetation will not recover naturally. The artificial restoration works have started since 1998 after Nagano Winter Olympic Games under the promise of the restoration works in nature. The restoration of devastated areas along the mountain trails was carried out from lower altitude (1,750m in alt.) and reached the Happo-ike Pond (2,000m in alt.). The jute net which is able to rot off was covered in the devastated areas. The restoration of vegetation was rather difficult in the serpentine area though four years later.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in green tracts of land in the central urban district in the vicinity of Mito City using green space maps prepared from topographical maps. Few investigations have been carried out to date on long-term changes in the surficial distribution of green tracts of land together with further investigations on the trend of variation. We analyzed changes in green tracts and the trend of variation using the 1:25,000 topographical maps published by the Geographical Survey Institute in 1970, 1985, and 2000. As aresult of this analysis, the following findings were obtained: (1)A decline in green space in the southwestren direction from the central district of the city was observed. (2)The importance of the Nakagawa River sloping green tract and Kairakuen Park, which are located in the vicinity of the urban district, was confirmed.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the way that landscape planting of future hospitals should be. The hospitals which had 100 and over sickbeds in Tokyo ward were selected for investigation, and the actual site conditions and landscape planting were investigated. The results were as follows; 1) An average of 14.6% was covered with trees and grasses in the hospital site. 2) When the vacant space in the hospital was secured, the volume of green coverage was increased, and the type of green coverage was enriched. 3) The hospitals of About 10% had rooftop planting. In many cases, that scale was so narrow. 4) It is necessary to set up the standard of green coverage ratio with consideration about lot size.

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In the case of evaluating the distribution of green tracts in an urban area, it is required to investigate not only the sum of area but also the scattering of the green tracts. The objective of this study is to develop an analysis method for the distribution of the green tracts in an urban area. The number of small-scale green tracts, such as pocket park, have been increasing in urban area in recent years. Therefore, we took 4 types of green tracts as a reference of the comparison considering small-scale green tracts. We also examined three indices of the scattering of the green tracts. As the results, it was shown that entropy played important role to classify the distribution of green tracts. In addition, it was revealed that the 4 types of green tracts explained appropriately the green tract distribution in our test site.

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In this study, the author researched the effects of urban warming on flowering of Prunus yedoensis in Kumagaya City, Saitama Prefecture, and perceived the flower bud development from the view point of plant ecology. The author attempted to evaluate the flower bud development by 6 steps. And the author analyzed relationship between temperature and flower bud development of Prunus yedoensis in the center and the suburbs of Kumagaya City. As a result, it was clear that the flower bud development was earlier in the center of the city than in the suburbs. As a causal factor, it was considered that heat islands caused regional difference of daily accumulated temperature between in the center and the suburbs of the city, and that influenced flower bud development of Prunus yedoensis.

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Urban aera is an aggregation of various sizes and shapes of buildings. So radiation and temperature fields within urban street canyon are very complicated. In this study, spatial average and variation of air temperature, road surface temperature, solar radiation and downward long wave radiation were measured around Shinjyuku Gyoen Park by automobile moving observations. The variation of air temperature along streets amounted to 1°C as a standard deviation, and its average is largely different from rooftop temperature and nearest routine observation data. And surface temperature of automobile was also analyzed. The engine room has extremely high temperature even during night, while roof surface was getting cold rapidly than road surface in the evening because of its small thermal capacity.

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Component technologies for estimating air quality in case of environmental assessment are studied. This is the first step study and verifies a method to analyze wind profile in a wide range area including 3 or more monitoring stations for meteorological observation. 3 stations in Hiroshima city are selected for example and analyzed their wind and meteorological stability patterns. We are planning to discuss about the way for analyzing and reflecting the effect of topography to estimate 3 dimension wind profile and 3 dimension box air quality model.

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We observed the surface air-temperature at the many points of the Tokyo Kanda and Nihonbashi areas in order to clarify the temperature distribution formed within an urban district. The temperatures observed within the urban districts were higher than the AMeDAS temperature measured over the open grass-covered field, through a whole day. During daytime the heterogeneity of air-temperature distribution was remarkable, while during nighttime the air-temperature distribution became to be homogenized with a temperature difference of less than 1°C. The sunshine and shade generations played an important role in heterogeneity of the daytime air-temperature distribution, at the inside area of urban district where the traffic was light. The air temperatures observed along the main roads surrounding the urban district were higher than that averaged within the urban district, through a whole day; the analysis revealed the air temperatures were notably affected by exhaust gasses emitted from automobiles.

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To subdivide barren lands in urban and urbanization areas and clarify their distribution, the algorithm for land use and land cover including subdivisions of barren lands in greater Sapporo area was developed using satellite data. Two types of natural barren lands and one of artificial barren lands were designated from NDVI and NDVI Range, and another artificial one with spectrum pattern similar to upland fields was designated by non-statistical processing. From the land use map including four types of barren lands, it was clarified that artificial barren lands were larger than natural barren lands in municipalities with newly-reclamated industrial complex.

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The satellite snow index, consisted of visible, infrared and middle infrared channels, was applied to the 10-day composite SPOT-VEGETATION data. The noises on the images, such as cloud, haze and system noise, were reduced by applying the LMF processing. The daily snow depth data of the AMEDAS dataset were collected as the ground information and the snow cover data of every 10 days was created from them. It shows that the area where snow covers less than 30 days is not detected by the 10-day composite data. Although the correlation coefficient between SPOT and the ground data was 0.90, the satellite data had the trend to overestimate the duration of snow cover, and, on the contrary, they could not detect snow in some places where snow coved for even a few months.

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This research aims to validate a proposed Livable Environment Evaluation Support System (LEES) using Web-GIS through a case study of “Livable Area Search System”. The system is developed toward practical use to facilitate a decision-maker explore his/her own livable places and public leasehold properties in Tokyo metropolitan area. Additionally an empirical study by citizen's use is implemented to test validation of the system. The authors analyzed such data collected by this system through study, as evaluating criteria, personal attributes, and map handling log, in order to examine both usefulness for supporting evaluation process and for understanding of livability preferences.

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Since with the fractal dimension analysis is possible to quantitatively measure the complexity of an event and form. It is being applied to study of building and urban planning field. In this study, the research area was assumed to be along the Eidai-Street, Kiba, Koto ward. The relationship between the environmental cognition (cognition characteristic) and the complexity of certain town district as the physical environment (form feature) based mainly on geographical factor were analyzed by fractal dimensional analysis which uses shadow image where three-dimentional information is included and image-correlation. As a result, the relationship between the fractal dimension and environmental cognition was shown to be reverse-correlation. It is thought that the complexity of reflect arrangement, the form and the height of the building influences the amount of psychology in edge formation between the south and the north area separated by Eidai-Street.

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The modeling of the rice yield prediction was performed by using the measured growth data and AMeDAS data for the rice field zone of Ishikari lower reaches of a river basin. The model has two parts: the growth model and the yield model that uses plant height derived from satellite data. Also, the equation that estimates plant height from vegetation index derived from NOAA/AVHRR data was made. The panicle differentiation stage and heading date by using the growth model were estimated latter 3.5 days and 3.6 days than the actual days, respectively. For the yield model the two accuracies for estimations, that used the ground measured plant height and the estimated plant height derived from NOAA/AVHRR, were calculated. The accuracies were 5.6% and 12%, respectively. The estimated yield distribution map for cell unit of the study area was made using NOAA/AVHRR.

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Former surveys of the human behavior in the inner park only focus on the relation between the behavior and the specific areas in the park. But the use of the individual areas seems to contribute less to the image of the park, compared to a series of the use of the whole park. By using handy GPS, park users' tracks can be recorded easily. We surveyed a series of the human behavior in the park by using handy GPS. Through this, we checked the validity of this method in the sense of the cost, the analysis efficiency and the output.

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This paper studies the texture of the tree crown making the forest scene in the middle distance. Our procedures are these: (1) 48 subjects are employed in an experiment to classify the forest scenes by their own impressions when they see them, and they are divided into five groups. (2) The typical photographs taken by each group are analyzed by using GMHL in terms of the indexes of the dispersion (DP), the coefficient of skewness (CS), and the coefficient of excess (CE). (3) Finally the relevance of the results of (1) and (2) are examined. From above studies, we understand that DP and CS are effective as the indexes for quantitative classification and the results obtained from the subjects tend to be characteristically placed on the frame of coordinates made by indexes. Consequently, the effectiveness of texture as the axes of analysis / arrangement for classifying forest scenes are positively shown form a quantitative viewpoint.

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Previous studies recognize that the secondary forest which had used for producing firewoods and charcoals and the grassland for agricultural use were dilapidated because neither use nor management caused by the energy revolution and the rapid spread of chemical fertilizer using happened in about 1960 afterwards. The result of this survey shows three reasons of the remarkable cultivation abandonment especially at the mulberry field in the mountains besides the dilapidation factor mentioned above; (1)decrease of certain resources use causing the changes of lifestyle and occupation activities, (2)decrease of biological resources in a forest by non-management of forest ground, (3)abandonment of the logging road management which began with the dilapidation of the field located at steep slopes and remote places far from villages, influences the dilapidation at the secondary natural environment such as the coppice and grassland.

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LCA has already spread in industry as a practical tool that quantifies environmental impacts caused by product life cycle. Requirements of developing a methodology that involve economical aspects based on life cycle perspective are high. LCC is attractive that aggregates al of the process costs composed of product life cycle to fulfill this rquirement. However the result calculated by LCC may not be enough for environmental conscious products (ECP), because LCC does not include external costs. We performed FCA that integrates LCIA and LCC for refrigerators to confirm the significance of FCA. LCC for refrigerator using alternatives revealed higher than that of refrigerator using CFC. In contrast to the result of LCC, external cost of refrigerator using alternatives was lower than that of conventional product. It is found that the effectiveness of the conversion of CFC was higher than the increase of internal cost from the result of FCA.

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In this paper, using the most recent City of Kumamoto ground-water data, we empirically investigate the relationship between the respondent's willingness-to-pay (WTP) and Subjective Probability Bias. It is caused by the subjective probability value attached to each hypothetical scenario in the CV surveys. We can conclude that subjective probability has a statistically significant effect on the respondents' WTP. Once Subjective Probabilty Bias is removed, the mean WTP is approximately two-and-a-half times larger than its former value. Similary, the median WTP is roughly four times higher than its original estimate.

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This paper aims to summarize the free comments of the contingent valuation survey by taking the environmental valuation survey conducted on the Isahaya Bay Wetland as a case and to examine their impact on the willingness to pay (WTP). In doing so, comments of the respondents are summarized graphically and best-subset analysis is applied for examining the relationship between free comments and WTP. Accordingly, it is revealed that, a huge gap exists between the opinion of the respondents of Isahaya City vis-à-vis to that of Nagasaki and Kitakyushu City regarding the effect, cause, responsibility, and solution to the Isahaya Bay Land Reclamation Project (IBRP) problem. Finally, the study concluded that, free comments in the contingent valuation survey should not be neglected for two reasons: firstly, to extract important information which may not be identified by only considering the monetary WTP amount; secondly, to fulfill the responsibility entrusted on researchers for conveying the unguided opinion to public or concerned policy makers.

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The quantification of psychological disgust (Stigma) which caused the soil pollution and brought the influence on the real estate value was tried. A concentric circle attenuation type for Stigma to center on the polluter was confirmed becoming more than a none and a certain constant distance by using CVM (Contingent Valuation Method) based on the analogy of disappearing. As a result , the polluter was assumed to be the maximum value, and the distribution of extending attenuation type was shown from the polluter in 3km. Therefore, in the point of none and 3km or more, which was, the view of most settling obtained a concentric circle attenuation type which centered on the polluter as for the distribution characteristic of Stigma. The level of the obstruction can be expected to be decreased by the realities elucidation of Stigma by this research though the general recognition called Stigma catching is one factor of the obstruction of fluidizing land.

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Since remote islands have various restrictions, it is very difficult to have the same life conditions as a mainland. This research aims at proposing the network intensive method by building the relation compensated mutually with the island, which approached. The object of research was the Uku-Island of Nagasaki Prefecture. The Uku-island residents' living sphere and living environment evaluation by residents has been grasped by the questionnaire. It was acquired as a result of analysis that nature and exchange were the factors, which may serve as island charm, and it was effective to community planning which made them the local characteristic. By arranging a city-function, without destroying the present living environment, it was enabled to propose the local promotion measure in which the peculiar mature of each island was respected.

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This research, as the object of research of coastal fishing region where form as united entitis of natural environment and village, examines empirically the composition of area in coastal fishing region from the correspondence relation of physical environment or inhabitant's life act, and environmental recognition based on investigation and analysis of environmental recognition by inhabitants. Specifically, in order to grasp the composition of area as whole peninsula, aim at the mutual relationship between single area of the life act in extensive region by inhabitants rather than catch individually area in coastal fishing region, consider unit for every life act.

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Researches on the safety of working environments on the fishery are mostly focused on the fishing boats and fishermen. On the other hand, there are few researches on the safety of fishing ports. Then, this paper focuses on the safety of fishing ports as a criterion of working environments. Factors of danger and its causes in the landside of fishing ports were analyzed. In results, there are three major factors of danger. They are “danger of slipping, danger related to vehicles, and danger related to crowdedness”. Moreover, each cause was analyzed.

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Relieving the physical burden of both skilled fishermen and beginners is conncted to make the unemployed easy to enter fishery. Then, OWAS-Ovako Working Posture Analysis System and the presumptive method for the pressure on inter-vertebral disk of the waist is introduced to clarify the physical part loaded with the heaviest burden and causes of the physical burden. In results, the physical part is waist. It seems that the risk causing the lumbago is high because of the heavy burden. The causes seem to be the horizontal distance between the body and the load and the weight of the load.

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In Japan, to prepare the high aging society, such as an act on the traffic barrier free has been promoted of the convenience and safety in public facilities. This makes easy for the aged people to get a chance to enjoy the marine recreations and it is thought that their wills for the participation into such activities should be encouraged. To make it possible, the connection between each facility must be smooth and the development of signs for users with free and safe is needed. This paper aims at the analysis of status and understanding for the pictogram in beach park to suggest the adequate development system. The results are summarized below. (1)The understanding level of the guidance, the inducement and the positioning sign of pictogram was relatively high. (2)It was difficult to understand the regulation sign of pictogram. But the basic understanding was possible such as the approval, the attention and the prohibition sign. And (3)It was very useful to supply the pictogram as well as with the character information for communication.

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Adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS) of 1982 and marine environmental problems caused mainly by drastic coastal zone development or disaster call for coastal states to introduce the new concept of marine and coastal policy. The Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, an output of UNCED Rio Earth Summit in 1992 writes clearly about the need of Integrated Coastal Management to realize sustainable coastal development. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the coastal management system of three East Asia countries(Japan, RO Korea and PR China) and to clarify the stakeholders' composition of the main coastal management law (Japan's Coastal Preservation Law, Korea's Coastal Management Act and China's Sea area Use Management Law). As a result of coastal administration analysis, each country reflects limited factors of ICM. And, in Japan's Coastal Preservation Law, prefecture government plays a main role among stakeholders, while Korea's Coastal Management Act gives initiatives to Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, and China's Sea area Use Management Law shows complicated relations on decision making within central governments.

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One of the most debatable issues in biodiversity is access and benefit sharing (ABS), recognized as one of the main objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD). The purpose of this study is to provide a comparative analysis of 13 ABS cases to clarify the relation between participated stakeholders and their roles in contracts and benefits shared. In conclusion,the general role of each stakeholder in ABS contracts may influence the determination of the scope of benefits.

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In areas where recreational use is largely depending on external factors such as weather, day time and season, the representativity of a sampling scheme become crucial for the statistic validity for the obtained data. This paper aims to examine the subjects on the survey method for visitor use monitoring and to inquire some factors that influenced visitor use in protected and recreational areas. Kohgen-onsen area of Daisetsuzan National Park was chosen for this study. Variable scale of time span for monitoring should be needed to grasp the actual situation. Temperature, seasonal minor change, traffic control had significant influence on day use. Departure time, arrival time and residence time were affected by weather, holiday, route, temperature and socio-demographic structure. Comparison between the data on registration books and the data gained from the questionnaire on visitors, new sampling method and improvement of registering should be developed.

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Private plant potting and trash cleaning on the public maintenance passage of a river seem to make the space attractive with a sense of my town. We surveyed administrative measures for the maintenance passage of the Shirako River at Tokyo and Saitama offices (Table2). We surveyed images of the river side residents on different sites which face different passages at their width and car traffics (figure5). And we have examined value of the checking elements for making administrative measures which allow private gardening on the public maintenance passage of Shirako River. They are width, car traffic, and entrances and garden location of the maintenance passage, residents' uses as gardening, trash cleaning, and images on the maintenance passage and the river.

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Old villages has not been developed or damaged during the World War II, but surrounded by new urban areas. This study attempts to consider the possibility of maintaining the old village's community sustainable through analytical study for newcomer-residents' participation in conventional festivals of old villages in Osaka city. Survey analysis is done as follows; first, interviews are established with village's festival organizers. Secondly, questionnaire surveys are conducted on festival participants and residents of the urban areas surrounding old villages of the case study. Consequently, the actual conditions of the management and participation mechanism of festivals are identified and consciousness of the participants and residents is clarified. The result showed that residents of the urban areas surrounding old villages are incessant audiences at festivals and tended to interpret them approvingly. Finally, the results indicated that attending festivals potentially made the newcomer-residents feel closely to their new living district as their hometown.

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Community currency is becoming widespread and expected as a tool to regenerate a neighborhood community which is losing a spirit of charity and cooperation of neighborhood activities. However, community currencies have various styles in the aim, operating system and intention to group extension. Types of community currency groups are classified in three types, that is, groups which have a special theme such as nature conservations, groups which aim to exchange unspecified goods and services and the other is mixed type of these two types of groups. In any case, it is necessary to match their goods and services with the users' demand. In our study, matching methods of each group were analyzed. Active groups have a tendency to make occasion to meet users together and give derailed and communicative information by their newsletter and other simple methods.

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In this research, Cognitive Map theory was to extract differences of opinions between various levels of Public Involvement in order to facilitate agreement among Stake Holders involved in natural resource management. In particular, the research focused on the dispute between two groups, the former Ministry of Construction, including the Construction and Opereation of Water Resouces Development Facilities and the Citizen Liaison Conference to Improve Kasumigaura and Kitaura over how to preserve Lake Kasumigaura. Each opinion about the Kasumigaura problem was comprehensively and systematically grasped using Cognitive Map and its minimum digraph. Differences of plans to resolve the issue were also extracted from the minimum digraphs. The usefulness of Cognitive Map for deepening mutual understanding about the problem has been proven.

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As an assumption of the environmental problems solution, “understanding of various standpoints and value judgment” becomes indispensable along with the diversification of the society. “Role-playing” came to be regarded as an important method for this. It is employed in some workshops etc. for plan-making and proves effective. More finding and knowledge about “role-playing” will be necessary to promote it in more various ways. This research focused on a case of workshop targeting young people and its effect measurement was attempted. As a result, the shortage of know-how and the human resource etc. for workshop-making is pointed out while such a method can be very effective in attracting young people. Solving these problems will be necessary for wider employing of “role-playing”.

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We developed virtual-space-centered index (VSC-Index) that comprised existing techno-centered index for university students. The high level of reliability and validity in the index was verified. It was found that the VSC was deteriorated by the interrelation of multiple media dependence, students of more the VSC had living irregularly, decreasing the volition of attending a lecture, and worrying in the human relations, as a result of the analysis. And, it decreased QOL a little. The low relation in the score of this VSC and QOL is a cause of the low-level subjective symptom and the shift to becoming heavily VSC. We emphasized the importance of self-diagnosis and consciousness of VSC-level by the index. It is expected to become one factor to improve QOL continuously.

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In environmental learning, talented people training programs are important to assure an action to treat environmental problems, and the followup programs are too. The Mie environmental education seminar is planned and evaluated program from viewpoint of PDCA cycle as an example. We comprehended the achievement degree of this seminar's aim by investigation of students who attended this program, and let followup programs reflect it. As a result, it led to improvement of environmental consciousness and action of students. Learning continued by giving an opportunity of followup programs. And a change more was seen in environmental consciousness and action of students. To stimulate such a change, the followup programs to become a leader or to utilize knowledge or skill that they learned was effective.

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The environmental education which aims at training of the talented people who can act with the rich susceptibility and the rich opinion over environment is made important. Environmental education is performed in land-space and ocean space, and various fields. The marine environmental education has a safety management in the present condition which is hard to carry out from which difficult reason. The main purposes of this paper grasp the problem of the safety management of the environmental education in “SANBAN-ZE” which is one of the tidal flats in Tokyo Bay, and extract the improving point. The improving point extracted about the safety management of the environmental education in “SANBAN-ZE” is the necessity for implementation of the activity after that the participant itself investigated himself and understands about a safety management, reservation of the meeting time about the safety management between program leaders, and cooperation between the fisherman concerned and schools.

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The purpose of this study is to make clear the existing condition of gathering nature element in provincial city. The questionnaire is distributed to residents in Muroran city for this study. The results are as follows: 1) Many residents desire that they can gather naturel elements around their living environment. 2) The 58% of residents gather natural elements around their living area. 3) The places in which the residents gather natural elements are mainly parks and forests. 4) The residents expected many effects for gathering nature elements. 5) The residents gathering nature elements tend to conserve their living environment.

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The paper aims to clarify influence factors for characteristics of a city which influence on enforement of TDM. TDM is the political measures to achieve smoothness of traffic and environmental imporovement by getting balance between demand of automobiles and supply of roads. In this study, firstly we carried out investingation of actual situation for TDM about each 2 cities of prefectures. Secondly we analyzed the characteristics of the cities which influences on enforcement of TDM with categories representing the characteristics of a city by Cramer's V contingency, Cluster analysis and Discriminant analysis. The results are followings; (1) It was noticed that there are difference among actual situation of enforcement of TDM and environmental effect was regarded as secondly effect, (2) It was cleared that a scale of a city, land use and history of a city were greatly related to the goal of TDM, (3) It was shown that population scale and the existence of war history have strongly influenced on TDM.

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This research paper uses international statistics to analyze the effect of urban form on transport energy consumption. Forty-four major international cities were analyzed using data from 1980 and 1990. Results confirm that transport energy consumption is affected by population density, urban form, and form of the transport network.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of development activities to the natural and social environments in wayside districts of the Kita-Kanto Expressway. The Kita-Kanto Expressway is a national expressway of 150 km in overall length that will connect Hitachinaka City in Ibaraki Prefecture with Takasaki City in Gunma Prefecture. At present, a section in Ibaraki Prefecture between the Tomobe and Hitachinaka Port interchanges has been opened for service. In this study, the relationship of development activities to various environments (natural and social environments) was analyzed for municipalities around the development route. The results of this research are as follows: (1) Digitized environmental information was prepared for municipalities around the Kita-Kanto Expressway in Ibaraki Prefecture. (2) An evaluation map was created analyzing the relationship of development activities to the natural environment. From this map, it was shown that three types of development activity regions are scattered within the target area; namely, agricultural development, urban development, and intermingled development regions.

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Because the Second Tomei Expressway is arranged along mountainsides, the influence that the road run-off gives to the water quality of the downstream river has been worried. For a region where this highway run-off flowed into a river that is a source for drinking water, risk of health impact of the road run-off was assessed. Health risk of heavy metals, PAHs, and THMs were considered. As a result, it was found that probability of cancer caused by bromodichloromethane could be higher than 10^-5. In addition, it was suggested that monitoring and management of the water quality in the basin will be required because comparatively high risks ware shown about some heavy metals and THMs.

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This study aims to evaluate the household energy consumptions and analyze the relation with family attribute for planning global warming prevention policies on household sector. First, the average household's electricity consumptions, gas consumptions and oil consumptions are researched by questionnaires on Iwate Prefecture located on Northen Japan and Kagoshima Prefecture on Southern Japan. Next, the relations between each energy consumption and family composition or housing characteristic are analyzed by Quant 1 Analysis. The results of analysis shows that the climate factor is important on oil consumptions, however it isn't important on gas consumptions and winter electricity consumptions. It became clear that number of total people, number of old people, number of infants and total hours on being in home are important factor. On the other hand, the structure of buildings and residence type such as apartment or individual house are not important factor by the result of Quant 1 Analysis.

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Improving resource productivity will require that we invest in new ideas, new technologies and new processes that enable us to create output and value while respecting environmental limits. One aspect of this change will be a move from a product-based to a service-oriented economy, in which there is extensive use of services to meet customers' needs. “Servicizing” among various ideas is used in this paper. Three levels of servicizing, dematerialized services, function services and product extension services are also used. The discussions of this paper are follows; 1)By analyzing monitor's behavior to the leasing system and the process of building up to experiment scheme, some of issues are identifies mainly economically aspects. 2)Business model of leasing based upon above issues. 3)Three possibilities of function services of all electrical appliances by type of appliances, how to use and so on.

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This study aims to evaluate ELV (: End-of-Life Vehicle) recycling system based upon environmental accounting for multiple economic sectors for a case study toward loop-closing society. These days ELV recycling system draws attention in two aspects; improving the rate of recycling of ASR (: Automobile Shredder Residue) and deterioration of Fe-scraps and Automobile-press. As the most important problem, Cu which is contained in electronic and electrical systems of vehicle, has had large influence on quality of Fe-scraps. For the method of cutting down ASR more efficiently and effectively without mixing Cu into Fe-scraps, 10 ELV recycling scenarios are developed by existing technology and weighed up. Consequently a new ELV recycling scenario, the exhaustive removal of Cu by the disassembly sector and the gasification of ASR by the shredder sector, is proposed as most effective alternative.

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About four items of refrigerator, washing machine, air-conditioner and television (a cathode-ray tube type) which became re-commodification objects on the Home Electronics Recycling Law, the amount of CO₂ emission and solid waste amount during recycling processes were evaluated by LCA method. As a result, it was confirmed that solid waste amount decreased with recycling, but CO₂ emission increased in some cases. In the case of refrigerator, when an effect of collection of insulation material Freon is accounted as equivalent CO₂ considering global warming potential, it is confirmed that both of solid waste amount and CO₂ emission could be reduced.

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To reduce the environmental burden with industrial product chain, it is required to increase the resource productivity or eco-efficiency, for example by reducing energy consumption, expanding product life, recycling or reusing end-of-life products. In this paper, initially the characteristics of reuse for refrigerators are shown. Then the environmental effect of life expanding of products or units with reuse and maintenance is evaluated, and revealed the situation that reuse-oriented product management will have the effectiveness both on the of resource and energy consumption aspects, compared with renewal and material recycling.

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This study examines the reduction problem of the household garbage which is one of the environmental problems. For the reason, it is necessary to clarify the consumer's consciousness structure from the consciousness about the garbage problem to the disuse. As a result of the analysis, in order to reduse the household garbage, it is difficult only in the stengthening of the chargeabilization to collect the garbage, the completeness classfication of the garbage, and the legal restriction. It is necessary that the reform of sence on the general garbage problem of the consumption life and the challenge of administration and enterprise are indispensable.

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