Geographical review of Japan series A
Online ISSN : 2185-1751
Print ISSN : 1883-4388
ISSN-L : 1883-4388
Volume 84, Issue 2
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
REVIEW ARTICLE
  • KAJITA Shin
    Article type: REVIEW ARTICLE
    2011 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 99-117
    Published: March 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2015
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Bleddyn Davies is a famous scholar in the field of social welfare and policy. Davies is also well known among geographers for developing the concept of territorial justice. This paper reviews Davies's studies in terms of their political, social, and economic backgrounds and considers which parts of his studies were accepted by geographers dealing with public service issues and the changing relations among them.
    The main opportunity for Davies to propose and apply the concept of territorial justice was under the Ten-Year Health and Welfare Plans of the UK. Therefore, Davies emphasized how intergovernmental structures and operational organizations could be improved for better service supply rather than the philosophical sophistication of his concept. Davies's studies, which were conducted in the era of the welfare state, not only pointed out prevalent problems but also offered solutions by suggesting appropriate policies and institutions to deal with them.
    After the late 1970s, when the welfare state reached a turning point, Davies and his colleagues in the Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU) made efforts to develop an innovative care system with better outputs but lower costs than those of the then-current system. Their efforts bore fruit in the form of community care projects and the “production of welfare” approach. These outcomes greatly affected the UK's welfare policies for the elderly.
    With the emergence of the geography of public services and welfare geography in the 1970s, anglophone geography began to pay attention to Davies's territorial justice concept, and several geographers such as Steven Pinch enthusiastically presented empirical studies based on that concept. Nevertheless, after the late 1970s, when critical attitudes began to dominate anglophone geography, this concept was severely criticized as a tool for reformists, and subsequent studies by Davies and the PSSRU were rarely referred to by geographers.
    The developmental process of Davies's studies suggests two tasks for geographers interested in designing better public services. The first involves further examination of the necessity for and revisions in concepts such as territorial justice under various political, social, and economic conditions. The other task is to gain a deeper understanding of how geographers' proposals should be formulated so that they are relevant within policy circles and their validity is recognized.
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RESEARCH NOTES
  • TAJIKARA Masayoshi, YASUE Ken'ichi, YANAGIDA Makoto, FURUSAWA Akira, T ...
    Article type: RESEARCH NOTE
    2011 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 118-130
    Published: March 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2015
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Many papers reported that Quaternary climate and sea-level fluctuations controlled riverbed elevation in the river basins in northeastern Japan. However, in the southern part of the Chubu region of Japan, such climatic-controlled riverbed fluctuations have not been reported, except in a few papers based on uncertain chronological data. In this research, we investigated fluvial terraces along the Tokigawa (Shonaigawa) River that flows through the low-relief mountainous areas in the northernmost part of the Mikawa Highlands, in the southern part of the Chubu region of Japan, and examined whether riverbed fluctuations similar to those in rivers in northeastern Japan occurred in the Tokigawa River basin. We mapped fluvial terraces based on air photo analysis and inferred the age and climate at the time of formation of these terraces based on 14C dating, tephra analysis, and pollen analysis. Fluvial terraces in the Tokigawa River basin were classified into 10 treads (H1–4 surfaces, M1–3 surfaces, L1–3 surfaces). We estimated that the L2 terrace was a depositional terrace formed during marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 2, based on 14C age, marker tephra (Kikai Akahoya tephra) in the soil layer covering terrace deposits, distribution pattern and morphology of terrace surfaces, and thickness of terrace deposits. The M2 terrace was correlated to MIS 6 based on the relationship between the marker tephra (Aso-4 tephra, Kikai Tozurahara tephra) and terrace deposits, existence of red weathered soil, and distribution pattern of the M2 terrace. Based on these results, we concluded that the fluvial terraces in the Tokigawa River basin were formed as a consequence of riverbed fluctuations linked to climate change. We estimated uplift rates in the Tokigawa River basin at 0.11–0.16 mm/year based on the elevation difference between M2 and L1 terrace surfaces.
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  • TAKAYA Yasuhiko
    Article type: RESEARCH NOTE
    2011 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 131-144
    Published: March 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2015
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study aimed to elucidate the alteration characteristics during chemical weathering under acidic conditions for a better understanding of granite landform evolution. The 56-day alteration experiment was carried out in a closed system, where the effect of solution pH on reaction was examined using acidic solutions of various pH values. The chemical composition of the altered surface was determined using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique. The specific characteristics of granite as a rock were investigated by a comparison with the results of its constituent minerals (single crystals of annite, albite, microcline, and quartz). During the surface alteration of granite, Fe-oxides and Si-oxides were formed. Under neutral to slightly acidic conditions, plagioclase dissolved, and then pH increased. Dissolved iron from biotite smoothly precipitated as Fe-oxides. Under low pH conditions, the dissolution of biotite was predominant, and Si-oxides were formed. In the alteration of granite under neutral to slightly acidic conditions, two effects were seen: 1) the increase in pH due to plagioclase dissolution promoted Fe-oxides precipitation; and 2) the presence of some species in aqueous solution due to biotite dissolution probably inhibited Al-oxides precipitation. These effects increase the reactivity of biotite and allow easier formation of iron minerals during granite weathering in the natural environment.
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  • SASAKI Akimichi
    Article type: RESEARCH NOTE
    2011 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 145-159
    Published: March 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 28, 2015
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The southwestern foot of the Chokai volcano is located in the northern part of the eastern boundary fault system of the Shonai plain, northeastern Japan. The author classified geomorphic surfaces and clarified the distribution of active faults and fault topography characteristics on the basis of aerial photo analysis and field surveys, to reveal active tectonics in the area. West-facing major fault scarps develop on the western flank of the Tohyama, Butai, and Tengumori hills distributed along the fringe of the volcanic fan, forming a clear topographic break. Back-tilted terraces or east-facing scarplets frequently develop on the eastern flanks of these hills. These findings suggest that the faults along the western margin of these hills are east-dipping, lowangle main reverse faults, and those along their eastern margin are west-dipping secondary back thrusts (conjugate faults). However, on the Marumori hills along the Sakata thrust belt, located in the southeastern part of the study area, range-facing major fault scarps are assumed to develop and delineate the eastern flank of the hills. The average vertical slip rate of the active faults, based on the displacement and age of the topographic surfaces, is estimated to be less than 0. 5 mm/year in the Tohyama hills, and more than 0.7–0. 8 mm/year in the Butai and Tengumori hills.
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