The purpose of this study is to clarify causal relationship between depression and exercise in both directions of retired men. To the 655 retierd men over fifty five years of age (mean age, 61.8 years ± 2.5) who was working on the company or organization in all over Japan 7 area, investigation about a depressed and exercise was conducted, and it analyzed by Structual Equation Model. As a result, in old age group (65 years≦), the causal relationship in both directions was accepted between a depression and exercise. On the other hand, by the middle age group (< 65 years), although the influence depression affects exercise was shown, the causal relationship of an opposite direction did not accept. Moreover, the strength of the influence to exercise from depression accepted that the old age group was larger than a middle age group. From these results, by the retired men, mitigation of depression which precedes the intervention to exercise may lead to formation of exercise customs, such as exercise, a walk, and gymnastics, and it was suggested that the degree of influence of the old age group is larger than a middle age group. On the other hand, although continuing movement customs, such as movement, a walk, and gymnastics, might be connected with mitigating depression by old age group, it was guessed by the middle age group that continuing exercise cannot say that it leads to improving depression.

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We surveyed father' s perception of child care and family life with 100 Japanese and 74 Korean residents in Japan from the Osaka area and the data was analyzed on the basis of differences of ethnicity. Results were as follows : 1) Generally, there was no marked difference in a family life style between Japanese and Korean fathers and mothers mostly took care of children ; 2) Japanese fathers had closer contact with their children but they mentally felt far from their children, compared with Korean fathers ; 3) Korean fathers had less contact with their children, but did not feel far from their children, compared with Japanese fathers ; 4) The third generation of Korean fathers took more care of their children than the second generation ; 5) Korean fathers were suggested to inherit the spirit of Confucianism and had a clear image of fathers in Confucian families ; 6) Japanese fathers did not have a clear image of fathers and seek for an image of a new type of father. Both Japanese and Korean fathers are clearly changing in terms of child care and it seems that these changes are continuing to proceed.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of psycho-educational approach for parents of elementary and junior high school students. The psycho-educational approach was designed to develop counseling mind and mental health through experiences in Structured Group Encounter and learning of counseling. The results of this study indicated that this approach is effective to enhance the mental health, self- esteem and positive feeling for children among parents. This psycho-educational approach can provide an example of preventive intervention for parents who have trouble with their children. And furthermore, the results of this study can be applied to services of health and welfare as empowerment approach for the person concerned, family and social support.

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