We conducted a questionnaire survey in order to examine qualities of the elderly who function as "managers" including club leaders and program leaders at senior citizens' clubs in Tokyo. A total of 509 elderly were assigned to a "managers" or "general participation" group and their qualities were compared. After cross tabulation analysis of categorical variables associated with health and activity conditions, we conducted multivariate regression analysis of significant variables. We found that being male was an important attribute associated with managers, and when taking the effect of age into account, no notable qualities in health conditions were apparent among active club members. Managers were active outside senior citizens' clubs, frequently participated in activities, and had friends that correlated in quantity with the frequency of activity participation. Furthermore, managers took on leadership roles outside senior citizens' clubs. They participated in various activities not passively but rather actively. While we initially considered that changes in activity conditions occurred among elderly in their 80's, those over 80 years of age were more likely to be general participants. The fact that general participants take part in activities through other members' invitation suggests that managers' role enhances peer-support among the elderly in communities

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The purpose of this research is to verify reliability and the validity of a Chinese version of clinical of China nursing master's profession and autonomous standard the Nursing Activity Scale (NAS). 0.77, and the correlation coefficient of Pearson of the test was 0.82 and NAS (1992) that had translated NAS (1992) high first value in August and September, 2004 twice the 1st time as the result of the test re-test method and twice for 640 nursing masters in China investigations. drank the correlation coefficient in the test re-test method executed the investigation of a Chinese version as for the alpha factor in Cronbach, 0.90 and high reliability were admitted the second 0.87 the first times. The correlation of Head Nurse Scale (HNS) and the duty satisfaction rating was obtained as validity related to the standard, and in validity, structural validity was between the total NAS score and all items a significant difference and was admitted the correlation. To measure the construct validity, we had nurses who work at four different public hospitals in China to join the survey and analyzed the factors on NAS for the first time. As the results, we extract five factors and label each of them as 'taking a new action as nurse specialists,' 'developing an activity as nurse specialists,' 'judgment based on consciousness of nurse specialists,' 'responsibility as nurse specialists,' and 'improvement in activities as nurse specialists.' Reliability and the validity of Chinese version NAS (1992) are secured from the above-mentioned result, and it can be said that the use standard will be filled as a standard by which clinical nursing master's profession autonomy is measured.

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Korean society in which aging is proceeding very rapidly is now facing the new phase throughout the Elderly Welfare Services such as initiating the 'Long-Term Care Insurance for Senior Citizens' in July, 2008. The purpose of this study is to make clear the realities and problems of Home and Community Care Service by understanding the elderly's daily living, state of health, needs for care services and the present situation of Home and Community Care Service. According to our investigation, the number of the Elderly to live alone or to live only with a spouse is increasing and most of the Elderly are suffering from the chronic diseases like arthritis, hypertension, diabetes, etc. It proves that the state of health and QOL are closely related to Eating, Sleeping, Exercising which are called three factors of good health. Also, the research about the needs for Home and Community Care Service reveals that there is a problem in its delivery system and lack of information about it. In a sooner future, it is needed to consider developing Home and Community Care Service Program based on the elderly's individual needs through understanding and checking the real conditions of the elderly's 24 hours daily living.

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