Objective : This study aims to develop a negative feeling toward patient frequency scale to assist nurses by investigating the experience of nurses developing negative feeling toward patient. Method : (1) create questions, a scale of measurement, and a questionnaire based on data obtained through a self-administered questionnaire of the experience of nurses in developing negative feelings toward patients, (2) investigate the validity of questions, scale, and questionnaire through a pilot study, and (3) using the collected data, analyze the items, and examine the reliability and validity of the scale and the structure of sub-scales based on factor analysis. Results : The investigation created a seven-point Likert scale-type "Negative Feeling toward Patient Frequency scale (NFPF)" for two sub-scales out of 24. As a result of the analysis of data from 437 nurses, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.94. The two factors were based on the maximum likelihood using promax rotation. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the first and second tests was 0.92. These findings demonstrate the scale to have good reliability and validity. Conclusion : The scale developed in this study has sufficient reliability and validity.

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Objective : The purpose of this study is to clarify the assertiveness scores along with the conditions and reasons some students couldn't become assertive by the time they finished their basic nursing study practice. Method : A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 123 nursing students at two colleges who had finished their basic nursing study practice. We used the Japan Rathus Assertiveness Schedule J-RAS and questionnaire, about situations where they felt: "I wanted to decline but could not" and reasons why they felt this way. A content analysis based on Krippendorffs method was performed on their replies. The situations described were classified for each participant, and categorized based on the similarity of the situations. Results : We administered the Japan Rathus Assertiveness Schedule J-RAS questionnaire to measure assertiveness among students at two colleges after their second-year practicum n=123 J-RAS ranges from 90 highly aggressive to -90 highly passive Due to Japanese cultural norms, for young nurses the optimal range is 10 to -10.Total sample mean ±SD was -18.3 ±22.8, lower than recent Japanese nursing graduates. From written responses, we found that about 80% felt less assertive communicating with listed in order of difficulty staff nurses, teachers, preceptors, and patients. Students said sometimes they felt hurt by staff nurses and teachers when trying to express their anxieties or when asking questions. Ten percent described situations where they had been too assertive, mainly with patients. Discussion : The results indicate that nearly all students need assertiveness training. Most face difficulty expressing their feelings in a wide range of situations with instructors. Staff nurses and instructors need to develop skills to interact more carefully with students to foster their maturation and not undermine their budding self confidence.

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Objective : This study was conducted as the first-stage of the community support program based on Action Research, aiming at the residents' participation in the community, through talking about evaluation of the elderly's role in the community and their role practice Our purpose was to sound out the role expectation for the elderly in the community and their role conduct from the view-point of the residents and connect then to planning and carrying out the health promotion program enhancing their social participation in the community, based on community individuality and independence of the residents. Method : The Focus Group Interview was conducted with two groups comprising of residents in an urban area close to Sapporo City who were 30-59 years old and 60-74 years old respectively. Results: The role expectation for the elderly in the community was extracted: "Supporting the elderly" "Supporting childrearing" "Interaction among the younger generation" "Getting on well with neighbors" "Managing a residents' association" "Making the environment more attractive". Discussion : The Focus Group Interview made 'thoughts and awareness' of the residents emerge and common issues in the community shared, which was the beginning of empowerment process in the community.

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Objective : To evaluate the validity and reliability of Self-Rating Scale for Functioning of Individuals with Mental Disorders (Activity Aspect) on the basis of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Research Method : The subjects were 1,272 day-care center visitors with schizophrenic disorders. Two questionnaire surveys were conducted by mail using the "self-rating scale for functioning" between September 2007 and February 2008. Factor and criterion-related analyses were conducted to ensure validity, and reproducibility, and internal consistency was tested for reliability. Result and Discussion : 1. Day-care service users The subjects were all typical psychiatric day-care users aged 46.4 ± 11.9 and their day-care service use averaged 55.1 ± 46.9 months. 2. Validity and reliability A factor analysis was conducted with respect to validity and three factors were extracted, with the cumulative contribution rate being 56.8%. As regards the retesting reliability, there was a significant correlation of 0.95 (p < 0.01) between the first and second surveys. With the split-half method, there was a significant correlation between the total even and odd-numbered items in the surveys of 0.86 (p < 0.01). The internal consistency (α) ranged from 0.80 to 0.91. As explained above, the reliability and validity are guaranteed for this scale.

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This study provides, by means of group interviews, a qualitative analysis of the dietary behavior of elderly individuals in need of care and of the factors affecting their dietary behavior, and uses this analysis as basic information in discussing support methods for improving nutrition among elderly individuals in need of care. The study looks at eleven elderly individuals living at home who use preventive care services in their own home. The following factors in the dietary behavior of elderly individuals in need of care became clear: [menus tend to be lacking in variety], [they might not like what is put in front of them but they force themselves to eat it], [contents of meals that elderly people think are not good for them], [contents of meals that elderly people think are good for them], [they take less interest in what they eat], [they believe that supervising what they eat is equivalent to supervising their health], [they can't go shopping whenever they want to]. Factors which influence their diet are: [they are aware that their diet is bad, but their sense of values means that they are unable to change it], [their sense of values about food which they have no intention of changing], [influence on dietary behavior of reduction in bodily functions], [they cannot cope with the present food buying system and the change in products], [their financial situation affects their diet], [geographical and climatic conditions affect going shopping], [influence on diet of family composition]. The dietary behavior of elderly individuals in need of care must be supported on the basis of their current dietary situation and factors affecting their diet.

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Introduction: The purpose of this study is to explore how public health nurses support for foreigners with infants and to gain some suggestion for mother and child health more quality services. Methods: Qualitative data were collected by semi-structured interviews to 8 public health nurses who were supporting for foreigners with infants at municipal health center in I area of Nagano prefecture. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded and classified by qualitative analysis. Result and Discussion: Public health nurses supported foreigners with infants with promoting use of mother and child health services, making and keeping relationships, respecting culture, accepting developmental disorder of infant, making use of communities, and thought of needs. They felt necessary of interpretation, polyglot materials, progress in foreigner's ability of Japanese and build the supporting system at wide area. Conclusion: It was suggested that public health nurses recognize difficulties in communication and differences in child raising culture, that they make one effort to provide support that respects cultural practices thinking of influence on health of foreigners and infants, where to live ahead, form of family with being interested in foreigners, and that resources (interpreter, multilingual materials etc. according to the present condition of each communities are carried out, and that they make relationship between foreigners and Japanese, people of their same nationality.

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