With increasing numbers of women joining the evening/nighttime and extended-hour workforce, there is a need for quality childcare during these hours. This project, conducted in Japan, sought to clarify the effects of maternal stress on the development and adaptation of 419 four-year-old children. Mothers completed a survey on the childrearing environment at home, their feelings of self-efficacy, stress, and the presence of support for childcare. Childcare professionals evaluated the development of children. The results indicate that stress after birth as factors in the home environment, explained developmental risks for four-year-old children.

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The purpose of this research was to pay attention to improper care of caregivers with co-dependency and to examine their characteristic and the nursing intervention to them. We interviewed two visiting nurses about the problem situation, the nursing intervention and the caregiver's reaction in a case. The results were as follows ; 1. There were some features among caregivers who conducted improper care ; 1) It is difficult to build the mutual trust during the visit nursing. 2) They considered their caretaker's desire to be the same to theirs and neglected their caretaker's decision-making and wanted to control nursing experts. 3) If they could not do so, they often made a strong opposition to nursing experts. 4) They had the gap between the past "Mother image" and the present one. 5) When they felt more tired, they temporarily tried to seek outer support facilities. 2. Careful points were suggested in nursing intervention to improper caregivers ; 1) to consider family dynamics 2) to talk about the gap between the past "Mother image" and the present one. 3) According to caretakers' condition, to temporarily let caretakers go to care facilities 4) to coordinate between care experts.

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This study, through analyzing the case study of a three-year program for the senior citizens in the "I" district to foster a community with health promotion, aimed to elucidate the roles of the university in the community and its challenges. Results of the analysis found the following roles ; 1) data supply and enlightenment toward health-oriented community, 2) conducting investigation and process evaluation required for the program in its introduction and development, 3) utilization of student volunteers, 4) support for the resident empowerment toward networking through territorial connection focusing health promotion among residents, and 5) coordination between the community and the government and professionals. The challenges for the university to serve as a tangible resource for community development were identified as follows ; 1) organizing the teachers and developing both the environment and human resources to disseminate information, and 2) unifying the contact points for student volunteer request.

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