In drum-set playing，drummers need to maintain accurate and powerful performance.What kind of postural control makes it possible to achieve this? The present study investigated the differences in postural control between expert (N=3) and novice (N = 4) drum-set players.Participants in this study performed an 8-beat rhythm pattern using an electric drum set consisted of hi-hat cymbals,a snare drum,and a bass drum.Tap-pressure data of each instrument and center-of-pressure (CoP) data of the participant were recorded and analyzed. As indices of performance accuracy and intensity，mean and standard deviation (SD) of inter-tap interval (ITI) and mean and coefficient of variation peak tap force applied to each instrument were calculated from the tap-pressure data.A principal component analysis was performed to compute the area of CoP and the circular SD of the principal component angle.The area of CoP and the circular SD were used to evaluate the magnitude of movement and the variance in movement direction, respectively. We found the followings: As for the experts,the SD of ITI and circular SD were small and consistent across the individuals,while the individual differences was relatively large in the peak tap force and area of CoP.The SD of ITI and circular SD of the novices were comparable to those of the experts.The individual differences in the drum-set playing skills seemed to be dependent on musical background of the individuals.

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 This article presents the contrastive analysis between reading time and syntactic/semantic categories in Japanese. We overlaid the reading time annotation BCCWJEyeTrack and a syntactic/semantic category information annotation on the ‘Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese’. Statistical analysis based on a mixed linear model showed that verbal phrase tends to be shorter reading time than adjective,adverbial phrases or nominal phrases in the syntactic categories. Relation phrases are also shorter than other phrases in the semantic categories. The results suggest that the number of preceding phrases associated with the input facilitates the reading process,leading to the reduction in the gaze duration.

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 Humans and animals prefer immediate reward rather than delayed one. In other words, a future reward is felt discounted. The speed of discounting is expressed with the parameter K, which is called discount rate. Problems related to time discounting often occur in everyday life. For example, if we put up with purchasing a product by impulse, we may succeed in savings as a future reward. On the other hand, if we purchase a product by impulse, we will get a satisfaction and an effect of product as an immediate reward at the expense of a future reward. This study focused on embodied cognition for adjusting discount rate easily and solving problems mentioned above. Our experiment revealed that a high-power posture tended to reduce discount rate, which means that savings will be easier to succeed. This occurred only under condition where the reward is small.

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 Many studies have suggested that the knowledge of picture books possessed by caregivers predicts their children’s language abilities, reflecting the richness of linguistic inputs in shared book reading. Previous studies have measured knowledge of picture books by asking caregivers to check the items they know from the lists of titles and authors of popular picture books (Title/Author Recognition Test). However, these studies have been conducted only in English-speaking countries. We developed a Japanese version of the Title/Author Recognition Tests to measure the picture book knowledge of Japanese caregivers. In Study 1, Japanese caregivers completed questionnaires on title/author lists that we developed and some measures related to shared book reading. The results revealed significant correlations between recognition scores and measures related to shared book reading. In addition, the score on the title list correlated with the age of the eldest child, which reflects the length of child-rearing experience. In Study 2, we compared the recognition scores of the caregivers with students of a course on childcare worker training and students with little experience of caring child. The results showed that the recognition scores varied reflecting both child-rearing experience and childcare worker training. These results suggested the validity of the recognition lists we developed. Future research is needed to investigate whether the scores on the recognition lists are related to children’s language abilities.

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 In an inefficient visual search, when some distractors (old items) temporally precede some others (new items), the old items are excluded from the search. This search benefit is called as preview benefit and has been explained by top-down, intentional inhibition to old items (visual marking). This article described the properties of visual marking in relation to other mechanisms of visual selection (e.g., attentional capture and inhibition of return) and discussed how visual system optimizes the selection to task-relevant object. First, I discussed the mechanisms of the preview benefit, such as visual marking, onset capture, and temporal grouping. Second, I presented how evidences for the inhibitory aspect have been presented by showing studies using probe-detection technic and negative carryover effect. Lastly, I concluded 1) whether top-down, intentional inhibition occurs in preview search and 2) whether such inhibitory marking is contributed to preview benefit in addition to attentional capture.

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 Crowdsourcing is a newer labor portal where anonymous workers earn small amount of money for completing Web-based tasks. Recent research investigating human behavior often recruit workers through these platforms to ask them to participate in online survey and experiment. To make it short, the advantage of crowdsourcing is that it enables researchers to collect empirical data at relatively lower economical, human,and temporal costs. However, it is also known that some professional survey takers who repeatedly participated in academic survey tasks are likely to show satisficing —behavior in which workers do not pay attention adequately to research materials. In addition, internet-based research practice has other concerns specific to ethical consideration in online data collection, including presenting proper post-survey debriefing and maintaining ethical level of compensation. Present article outlined a state of the art of internet-based research in the domain of social sciences, indicated both strong and weak point of the online study, and suggested possible future direction in cognitive studies with crowdsourcing.

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 1950 年のAPA 会長就任講演において，知能に関する研究者であるGuilford は創造性研究の必要性に関する重要な指摘を行った．その指摘に伴い，数多くの創造性に関する研究がこれまで心理学や認知科学において蓄積されてきた．特に，近年は情報技術やAI の発展に伴い，ヒトの有する新奇なモノを生成するcreativity という概念に再び大きな着目が集まりつつある．例えば2018 年度には，アメリカのオレゴン州において第1 回のCreativity Conference が開催され，Csikszentmihalyi やSternberg といった名だたる研究者を含む数多くの研究者・実践者が集まり活発な議論が繰り広げられた．また2019 年度には，Cognitive Science Society のAnnual Conference（Cog Sci 2019) においてcreativity がテーマとして掲げられている． このような興味・関心の高まりと並行して，近年の創造性研究においては，対象とする創造性の定義や枠組みを見直そうとする機運が高まっている．紹介する各論文が主張する通り，creativity という曖昧で抽象的な存在を対象にした研究を行う際には，その対象をどのようなものと理解するのか，という定義や枠組みに関する問題が常に付随する．例えばRhodes (1961) による創造性を捉える観点を整理したFour P’s Approach (Person, Process,Product, Press) がその代表として挙げられるだろう．特にこれまでの心理学や認知科学では，主に個人の高次認知過程や特性に焦点を当てたアプローチが営まれてきた．一方近年では，Csikszentmihalyi (1991) のSystems model のように，創造性を個人・環境・社会との関係性の中から生じるものと捉えて検証する試みも徐々に営まれつつある．以上を踏まえ，本稿ではcreativity に関する定義・枠組み・測定手法に関する包括的な整理や問い直しを試みた論文を3 本紹介する． 以上の論文を参照することにより，暗黙的な背景設定の下で行われる傾向の強い創造性という概念を今一度考え直すことを本稿は目的とする．とはいえ定義・枠組みに関する一部の論文を取り上げたにとどまっており，あくまで最近の動向としてご確認いただければ幸いである．

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本研究は，洞察問題解決における無意識的過程の解明を目的として行われた．洞察問題解決とは，発想の転換を必要とする問題解決のことを指す．Hattori, Sloman & Orita (2013) は，洞察問題の手がかりを実験参加者の意識にのぼらないよう閾下呈示すると，洞察問題の成績が促進することを明らかにした．本研究は，気づきをともなわない手がかりの効果について，三つの問題点に焦点を当てた．第一に，収束的思考と認知資源分散のどちらが手がかりの効果に影響を与えるのか明らかでない（研究1）．第二に，手がかりが問題解決の成績をかえって低下させる現象（手がかり妨害効果）のしくみについて明らかでない（研究2）．第三に，無意識的過程における手がかりを取捨選択するしくみが明らかでない（研究3, 4）．本研究では，これら三点を明らかにするため六つの実験を行った． 研究1 では，収束的思考抑制説と認知資源分散説と呼ばれる仮説を立てて検証した．結果，両仮説とも支持されなかった．しかし，抑制機能が強くはたらく人に対して，手がかりを与えると問題解決の成績が低下することを示唆した．研究2 は，手がかり妨害効果は抑制機能（無関係な情報を排除する認知機能）が強くはたらく人で現れることを明らかにした．研究3 は，無意識的な取捨選択のしくみに関して，無意識的ソース特定仮説と呼ばれる仮説を立て実験を行った．仮説は支持されなかったが，問題解決中の記憶検索が洞察問題解決の成績を低下させることを明らかにした．研究4 は，取捨選択のしくみに関する新たな仮説として，表象活性仮説と呼ばれる仮説を立て実験を行った．その結果，仮説は支持された．加えて，研究3 で得られた記憶検索が洞察を妨げる現象を再び観察した． 一連の研究から，総合考察で次の三つの結論を得た．第一に，洞察のメカニズムには外から入力された手がかりを抑制するしくみと，手がかりと同類のアイデアの生成を抑制するしくみが存在する．第二に，記憶検索が洞察問題の成績を低下させる理由は，記憶情報の活性化によって，手がかりや答えと同類のアイデア生成が抑制をうけるためである．第三に，洞察における無意識的過程は，活性化している問題表象と入力された手がかりを参照することで，問題解決にとって有効な情報かどうか取捨選択している．

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