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Article type: Cover
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
Cover11-
Published: March 20, 2007
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Article type: Cover
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
Cover12-
Published: March 20, 2007
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
App16-
Published: March 20, 2007
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Mio TSUBAKIMOTO, Kanji AKAHORI
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
275-282
Published: March 20, 2007
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A tool to reduce rating errors due to the recency effect in human report evaluation is developed and evaluated. The recency effect is a cognitive bias due to the quality of sentences read up to that point. This tool visualizes similarity of contents in reports obtained through Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) by mapping using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). The rater can refer to the map and read or evaluate similar contents. To investigate its effectiveness, rating scale dispersion for each evaluation item was compared between groups that did and did not use the tool for report evaluation. The results indicate that in 3 items-[The report includes characteristic vocabulary of the theme], [there is consistency in the content], and [comprehensive evaluation]-the variance was significantly lower in the group that did vs. the groups that did not use the tool. This indicates an aspect of report evaluation in which this tool is effective.
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Editor's pick
2007 Best Paper Award Winner
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Toshitaka FUKAMI
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
283-291
Published: March 20, 2007
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This study investigated the peculiarity about development of images of a beginning teacher on educational practices and communication with others in Japanese school context. For the purpose the author described the actual situation based on a case study, and tried to compare it with (1) ethnopedagogy (Shimabara and Sakai 1990) and (2) case studies in western countries. As a result, a beginning teacher's communication with his colleagues both reinforced and moderated "kizuna (bonds between teacher and pupil)", the central idea of ethnopedagogy. Considering development of his images on educational practices, he could not see himself as teacher as professional as to his "pupil" and "teacher" images because of little critical communication between him and his colleagues.
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Atsunobu KIMURA, Tomohiro KURODA, Yoshitsugu MANABE, Kunihiro CHIHARA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
293-303
Published: March 20, 2007
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We study ways of displaying visual information to instruct movements, which are effective for various types of movement. This paper finds four classes based on the relationship between the teacher's body, visual information on a prototype system, and the student's body's direction: subjective condition, three axes correspondent condition, two axes correspondent condition, and one axis correspondent condition. Experiments are conducted in which the four classes are implemented on a prototype system. We confirm that the subjective condition is effective for instructing parts of movements while the others are effective in instructing complete movements.
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Yoshitaka FUJINO, Masao KIKKAWA, Koji TAKENAKA, Emi NISHINA, Tsuneo YA ...
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
305-314
Published: March 20, 2007
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In sports, onomatopoeia is often used to express and convey power and degree of muscle tension of movements to other players. And from experiences, the use of onomatopoeia is considered effective in sport coaching. The research reported in this paper was designed to evaluate the kind of effects F_0 stimulation (Basic Frequencies of Onomatopoeia) causes on athletes' grip strengths in terms of the high F_0 side, and the type of effects sport onomatopoeic perceptual training using the F_0 stimulation can cause on grip strength performance. The analysis revealed that, when F_0 surpassed a certain value, the voice stimuli did not increase the grip strength any more. Although yet to be precisely assessed, the group trained in "Kendo" tended to show better reproduction of grip strength compared with the group untrained in sport. Along with the analysis of the interview we have done, our results give us perspectives of more effective use of sport onomatopoeia as a new approach to improve motion performances of the learners in sport coaching.
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Noriyuki IWANE, Kimiko HIRAYAMA, Yukihiro MATSUBARA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
315-322
Published: March 20, 2007
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We developed a virtual experimental environment for vertical upward projectile motion in elementary dynamics. And the system is usable for discovery learning, especially for learner's experience. The virtual experimental environment is simple computer system with a force feedback device. Considering the learning with experience is to progress the learning through his/her own sensors and motors, we aim to improve the reality of behavior which means his/her motion using a computer system is equivalent effect to the corresponding motion in real world, and also the reality of the feedback. There are two main characteristics of this system. One is a learner can operate an object intuitionally and directly and observe the internal state of the environment, through the learning process of learner's natural bodily movement. And the other is the learner can also have experiences with a various setting of force model in the virtual experimental environment such as to make the gravity zero or the impact of receiving a ball any force pattern. Using the system we confirmed it is usable for the projectile even if they grasp the device in any style, and even if the gravity will be changed.
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Masanori ISHINO, Hitoshi SASAKI
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
323-331
Published: March 20, 2007
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Most of us accept that preparation and review for lessons are important to understand lesson in education field. But, they can not carry out preparation and review because they need same computer environments between their university and home. Therefore, authors constructed same learning environment between their university and home using KNOPPIX which is one of bootable CD-ROM and its case study. This paper discussed problems of IT education and discussed substance and result of case study.
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Takuro YOKOYAMA, Tsukasa HIRASHIMA, Masahiko OKAMOTO, Akira TAKEUCHI
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
333-341
Published: March 20, 2007
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We have developed a computer-based environment for learning by problem-posing as sentence-integration. The system was evaluated through two months usage in classroom by the ninety-nine students belonging to three classes of an elementary school second grade. Two systems were set up in each class and the students were allowed to use them freely. We used usage logs, questionnaires, information extraneous problem test, and schema priming test to evaluate children's problem solving performances. As the results, we found that (1) our system improved the problem solving ability of low performance students, (2) the second grade students of elementary school had posed problems continuously with the system, and (3) both students and teachers answered questionnaires that the problem-posing activity using this system is useful for learning.
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Yoko MURANAKA, Mitsuru TAKAHASHI, Katsuaki SUZUKI
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
343-353
Published: March 20, 2007
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This study was undertaken to develop a diagnostic system for evaluating the communication skills indispensable in the training of specialists (nursing education) whose duties involve the provision of interpersonal support. Teaching resources were developed from a more practical and objective standpoint by process of instructional design to deal with time-consuming elements of curricula, ambiguous evaluation standards, and learning tasks that do not easily provide a sense of achievement upon completion. Egograms were adopted as the objective evaluation standard, and a diagnostic program for evaluating the student's communication tendencies was constructed. Operative assessment (of 5 cases presented for study by simulation on web) on nursing students revealed use of egogram patterns had enabled objective feedback to the students. Moreover, the learning paths traced by the students were greatly varied, demonstrating systematic ability to deal with student individuality. These findings indicated the efficacy of instructional design methodology in resolving the pragmatic issues in nursing, suggesting its wide applicability in various contexts.
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Hiroyoshi KINOSHITA, Takuya MATSUURA, Shigeki KADOYA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
355-363
Published: March 20, 2007
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The aims of this study are to examine the structure of elementary schoolchildren's metacognition in observational/experimental activities in science and to confirm the factor structure that has an influence on the metacognition of elementary schoolchildren and junior high school students. In order to achieve the aim of this study, a questionnaire survey consisted of fourteen items was conducted on 327 fifth and sixth graders. The results showed the following three points: (1) Elementary schoolchildren use metacognition in observational/experimental activities. (2) While influence on metacognitive activities of schoolchildren themselves were strongest during observation/experiment, metacognitive activities associated with interaction with peer or their teachers were strongly influenced before observation/experiment. However, metacognition was not high in the post-observational/experimental activities. (3) The commitment of teachers strongly influenced the metacognitive behavior of elementary schoolchildren and junior high school students. In addition, the commitment of friends influences elementary schoolchildren more than junior high school students.
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Yasutaka SHIMIZU, Tomohiro YAMAMOTO, Tatsuya HORITA, Rikiichi KOIZUMI, ...
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
365-374
Published: March 20, 2007
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Questionnaire surveys were conducted twice to find out the present situations of informatization of school education that our country has been promoting, and to clarify promotive and disincentive factors. Questionnaires were sent on February 2004 and December 2005 to 5,000 schools of primary, lower secondary and upper secondary schools, and received a total of 8,190 responses from teachers and 4,731 responses from executive teachers such as principals. Comparing these two survey responses revealed that schools made steady progress to use of IT by teachers during two years, and that promotive and disincentive factors were obtained specifically by the questionnaires to the executive teachers. Five factors were obtained by conducting factor analysis for the answers about disincentive factors, and it was noted that it is important to move ahead on IT environmental considerations in schools and to improve the teacher's teaching capacity of using IT.
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Toshiyuki KISHI, Katsunobu MURASE, Eiichiro NOJIMA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
375-385
Published: March 20, 2007
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This study evaluated cognitive appraisal of Distance-Counseling by comparing In-Person Counseling and Voice Counseling. As a result, three factors such as "behavior of acceptance", "positive cognition", and "communication" were extracted as evaluation items. A difference among three counseling methods was revealed and in all factors In-Person Counseling was higher than Voice Counseling. Besides, Distance-Counseling was higher than Voice Counseling in "behavior of acceptance" and "positive cognition". However, there wasn't a significant difference between In-Person Counseling and Distance-Counseling. In addition to that, "positive cognition" was the common factor affecting cognitive appraisal in three methods. An initial finding in the interview showed two following problems--mismatch of line of sight and self'-display presentation. It's believed that betterment of those two problems would have a significant role in Distance-Counseling improvement.
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Yoshihisa FUJII
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
387-395
Published: March 20, 2007
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The purpose of this study was to develop an evaluation scale to measure the information literacy of young people and to examine the variables that contribute to increasing their level of information literacy. Participants were 1144 junior high school students in Japan and and Northern Europe. Results of item analysis and factor analysis suggested eight sub-scales: interest and motivation, fundamantal operation ability, mathematical thinking ability, information control ability, applied operation ability, attitude and knowledge, and understanding. An international version of the information literacy scale consisting of 32 items was also developed. It was confirmed that these scales have sufficient reliability and validity. The information literacy level of the participants was evaluated using these scales. Result indicated that the information literacy level of young Japanese people, the applied operation ability of personal computers, such as programming, presentation, and making web sites was especially low. Moreover, it was suggested that the length of time using personal computers and reading books was closely related to the information literacy level of young people.
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Takaaki TSUJI, Shoji NISHIMURA, Eiichiro NOJIMA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
397-407
Published: March 20, 2007
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In this paper, we analyzed Japanese students' English learning in an electronic learning environment where they were asked to use English practically using qualitative research method. As a result, we revealed that (1.) In a reading and writing situation, Japanese students used a learning strategy based on their past experience of English use in an examination culture. (2.) Japanese students faced a conflict because of the difference of English use between in an examination culture and in a practical culture. (3.) In the process of adjusting to a practical culture, Japanese students referred to resources such as American students' patterns of vocabulary or translation software on a web site. (4.) By referring to these resources, Japanese students transformed their learning strategy and perspective on English which had been based on an examination culture. From the above, it was suggested that English learning in an electronic learning environment was woven in the historical context of students' English use and the situational context of relation between students and resources such as others and resources, being influenced by the peculiarity of the technology used in the practice.
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Yuko YAMAMOTO, Tadashi ASADA, Eiichiro NOJIMA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
409-418
Published: March 20, 2007
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This study tried to explore the relation of current issues about the school organization perceived by teachers, and to identify the causes of explored issues by using TOC (Theory of Constraints). We interviewed 13 teachers working in a comprehensive upper secondary school and made the participant observation to reveal the issues of the school organization. This school is the pioneering high school based on some reports of educational reforms, and it has a different system from traditional schools. As results, issues of the school organization were classified by four clusters; 1) Stress and busyness of teachers, 2) Difficulty in collaboration among teachers (individualism), 3) Top-down style of school management, 4) Dilemma between university entrance examination system and the school policies. The fourth cluster included the other clusters. These issues come from the features of this school. That is to say, there might be discrepancy between the teachers' work and school system.
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Kosuke TERASHIMA, Masayuki MURAKAMI, Reiko TATEIWA, Chiko HANEDA, Yasu ...
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
419-427
Published: March 20, 2007
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This research aims to evaluate the teaching materials and the teaching methodology currently being explored in a newly-designed type of course called Bi-language Simultaneous Learning (BSL). In this course, students learn two foreign languages at the same time. The lesson methodology is based on a team teaching approach in which two teachers participate: one for English and the other for French, German or Spanish. A contrastive linguistic approach and cross-cultural analyses are the key characteristics of the teaching techniques being developed by the team-teachers. The authors conducted research and evaluated classes of different combinations of two languages, i.e., English-French, English-German, and English-Spanish. In the evaluation, the authors analyzed students' satisfaction with the classes and identified six factors that contributed to an affirmative evaluation of the classes. It was found that the degree of satisfaction and enthusiasm of the students for this type of course with respect to improvement of their language skills were related to class instruction techniques, teaching materials, the attitude and motivation of their peers, and recognition of achievement by their teachers.
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Katsumi UEKI, Mamoru GOTOH, Shinichi WATABE
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
429-437
Published: March 20, 2007
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In this research, an attempt was made to process video images for communicating information on the instructional situation to parents in an easy-to-understand, efficient manner. More specifically, target scenes were extracted -- as a series of still images -- from video images of a scene of small-group instruction, and presentation materials were created by adding to the pictures text explaining the child's feelings and situation. The responses of guardians were studied from records in the daily instruction log, and as a result it was found that: (1) Parents can be made to recognize the changes in behavior of their child which the instructor is trying to communicate, (2) Parents can spontaneously apprehend the feelings of their child, and verbalize them. Due to these results, it is thought that the information which the instructor wishes to communicate can be clearly communicated by extracting video images as still images which are records of "single moments (1 cut)", presenting these moments in sequence, and adding instruction to them.
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Seiichi NAGASAWA, Masayuki KUMAI, Shinichi WATABE
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
439-446
Published: March 20, 2007
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In this highly advanced information era, technology has become an effective tool for supporting people with disabilities. We examined the effect of Internet use on two autism who habitually repeated the same conversation in order to clarify: 1. Validity of the hypothesis that the shared use of a computer was effective for changing the behavior of people with autism and 2. Effectiveness of viewing web pages for inducing new actions. As a result of the examination, we found that the shared use of a computer promoted their conversation. They were interested in browsing maps and in the web pages that contained many photographs showing local situations. The use of the computer induced their new behavior and they even proposed going out together and thought concretely about what they should do on their outing. The result indicated the effectiveness of the shared use of computers for autism. It was also acknowledged that the web pages constructed for easy visual and intuitive recognition could induce new action in autism sufferers.
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Katsuhisa HASEGAWA, Yukari HARADA
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
447-452
Published: March 20, 2007
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Article type: Index
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
453-454
Published: March 20, 2007
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Article type: Index
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
455-457
Published: March 20, 2007
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
App17-
Published: March 20, 2007
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
App18-
Published: March 20, 2007
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
App19-
Published: March 20, 2007
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
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Published: March 20, 2007
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Article type: Cover
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
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Published: March 20, 2007
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Article type: Cover
2007 Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages
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Published: March 20, 2007
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