The concept of equilibria is relevant to infrastructure plan-ning in helping us understand the nature of the problems. However, the perception of equilibria differs largely depending on the case, and thus, it may be far from consolidated. This article is to reconsider this with the specific reference to traffic assignments and land use. As for the economic market, the Walrasian equilibrium is theoretically important, but the applied general equilibrium (AGE) models have succeeded in identifying it numerically. As their construction may also be useful in the present context, we provide a brief introduction to the model and its solution procedure. In addition, we discuss three models on regional economies and/or interregional transactions, which have been developed under their influence.

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This study aims to develop the evaluation method for the improvement schemes of collector streets network for sprawl development areas from the viewpoint of their build-up effects. In this study, the binary logit models are introduced to predict the build-up effects using the accessibility indices from land sites to collector streets and shopping centers. Alternative plans are formed by changing the length of collector streets for a sprawl development area in Tokushima City, and evaluated from the viewpoints of build-up effects caused by the construction of collector streets and the construction costs of collector streets. As the result, the best length of collector streets for the area is clarified.

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The rapid progress of motorization and the development of air line networks have changed the structure of transportation demand in Japan since the 1960's. This change has resulted in an improvement of the high mobility networks consisting of roads, railways and air lines. The networks have been improved according to directions proposed in the national development plans.
This study aims to observe the recent changes in the development of high mobility networks based on travel time and cost, and to evaluate them with respect to the equality in regions from the view point of transportation users. The results show differences between regions in the network development as recently as in 1990. People living in big cities receive higher mobility services than those in rural areas.

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Since Meiji era, the population had been increasing rapidly and its distribution has been changing in Japan. On the other hand, the construction of the transportation network has been developing and it has caused the change of accessibility between regions in Japan. It is generally thought that the construction of the transportation facilities makes some contributions to the development of the regions. But in the present condition, it cannot be affirmed that it is understood accurately that the transportation has a significant effect on the regions.
In this study, we surveyed the relation between the population and the sufficiency of the transportation by using all census data of all cities, towns and villages. As a result, it can be noted that the period of the construction of the transportation has a remarkable effect on the changes of their population.

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There are advanced techniques using idea of Knowledge Base (KB) to describe human behaviour. Three methods such as production system (PS), fuzzy reasoning/logic (FL) and neural networks (NN) are applied to modelling of binary route choice. The basic concept of each method is mentioned. The advantages and disadvantages of them are discussed from the comparison with logit modelling as a standard method for solving the problem. The difference of KB approach from statistical one is considered. And also the relation among these techniques are summarized. Finally, a combined model between FL and NN can be proposed to develop these methods in terms of accurate estimation and precise description of human travel behaviour.

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Numbers of vehicles and average running distance by vehicle type are important indices to estimate future road traffic demand. These indices are different in each prefecture due to their socio-economic characteristics.
This paper aims to grasp the spatial and temporal changes in car ownership and the effects of various socio- economic variables on it. Based on these changes, two panel models, ‘Dummy-Variable Model’, and ‘Variable-Coefficient Model’, for car ownership are developed and compared with each other in terms of goodness-of-fit and their predictive power using panel data set of each prefecture from 1965 to 1989.
We may, therefore, conclude that panel models can explain well the spatial and temporal changes and is useful in forecasting car ownership level.

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Although railway network in the metropolitan area should be remarkably improved, we have some difficulties to calibrate accurate effects by improved level of rail service and to identify the additional lines should be constructed. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new structure for Probit Model using variable covariance matrix and to establish user surplus indices based on random utility theory.
Using Metropolitan Census Data which was conducted in 1990, the above model and indices had been briefly estimated to demonstrate the efficiency of our methods. The results indicate that route choice behavior in complexed railway network should be expressed by considering similarity among routes, and user benefit for ordinary network should be calibrated using expected value of maximum utility.

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In recent years, as a result of the increase of motor traffic, the demand for parking lots has been rising. The purpose of this study is, through using the survey results from several cities, to compare and analyse the parking situation in the central parts of cities in order to understand the supply and demand for parking lots and to examine an evaluation method for the parking situation. From a questionnaire study of parking lot users, the service level of the parking lot can be evaluated by using the walking distance between a parking lot and destination. It becomes possible to generally evaluate supply and demand for parking lots in central shopping area by using walking distances.

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Each person's travel behaviour in a day can be described in terms of linked trips or trip chains. Existing models have the shortcoming of not representing the interdependencies among the trips in a trip chain. In this paper a logit model of mode choice based on the utility theory considering the interdependencies of modal choice among the trips in a trip chain is developed.
Finally this model is applied to estimate time-of-day travel volumes by mode.

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Given a uncapacitated network, a uncapacitated network design problem consists in selecting a subset of links that minimizes the sum of total flow costs and total link design costs. We propose a lower bound algorithm using a Lagrangean relaxation method and approximate algorithms using information of Lagrangean relaxation problems. The effectiveness of our algorithms is demonstrated in computational test problems with up to 65 nodes, 2080 links and 4160 OD pairs.

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This paper focuses on the role of the congestion toll as a measure to achieve the efficient traffic assignment. I formulated a second best policy that requires toll collection only for expressway, while the optimal (or first best) assignment requires collection for all road section in a city. The performance of the second best policy is evaluated through comparison with the no toll equilibrium, the first best optimum, and the marginal cost pricing solely for expressway. Furthermore, I extended the model toincorporate user heterogeneity and carried out similar analyses.
The results are summarized as follows:
(1) The second best toll is derived that is the congestion effect on expressway minus weighted average of congestion effects on all other roads.(2) The second best policy reduces total travel cost considerably compared to the no toll equilibrium, while user expences for that policy are smaller than for the first best optimum.(3) When there are heterogeneities among drivers, the efficiency gains from toll policies are greater than the case of homogenous drivers. These efficiency gains for the case of heterogenous drivers cannot be achieved by the physical control methods such as on-ramp control.

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This paper studies the basic constraints of dynamic traffic assignment problem and dynamic system optimum model. First, Merchant and Nemhauser's dynamic system optimum model is analyzed in detail. Second, link exit function and other constraints in dynamic traffic assignment problem are qualified strictly. Third, a continuous dynamic system optimum model and a discrete dynamic system optimum model are developed. The models can be applied to the network with multiple origin and multiple destination. Finally, an algorithm for the discrete model is developed. Test example showed that the algorithm can solve the dynamic optimum efficiently.

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Maximum capacity of a road network is defined as the maximum number of car trips which could be loaded onto the network within given link capacity. Conventional assignment simulation type model for estimating the maximumcapacity is modified considering parking constraints as well as link capacity constraints. The model describes the mechanism that drivers park cars on roads in proportion to the congestion level of off-street car parks, and roadside parking vehicles reduce link capacity. An increment of travel demand is assigned to the network until off-street car parks in a zone becomes occupied or links in a zone are full of parking vehicles. The model shows satisfactory performance through an application test to the network in Imabari city.

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This paper, after reviewing the technologies currently in use, describes a proposed model of predicting journey times concentrating on simplifying the structure of predictor as well as enhancing the predictability. Employing was considered of the relation between vehicle detector occupancy and journey time. As the preliminary study the hypothetical vehicle detectors by the use of video camera were placed at two blocks on an 1 km stretch of signalized artery. The results provided the basis for an estimate of journey time from the detector output.
The remaining important problem considered was that of calibrations. Since the relations between detector output and journey time is not only site-specific but also time-varying, the emphasis in calibration exercise should be predominantly based on on-line methods. To meet this requirement the modeling was directed towards the introduction of Kalman filtering theory to update the prediction, parameters.
A final study was made of the validity of the model on an 7.6km stretch of an artery which contains 18 traffic signals and 20 vehicle detectors. The journey time predictions were carried out every five minutes during two different time period of about 200 minutes each. The results highlighted the desirability of using the proposed model.

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The purposes of this research are to examine the characteristics of portscape perceived as amenable to general citizens and to determine the distance suitable for viewing them. Thus, it is intended to identify the areas appropriate to be opened to residents.
As a result of an on-the-spot investigation at the Port of Yokohama, it was clear that such amenity characteristics of ports are activity, safety, and unobstructed views. In this regard, specific factors responsible for these characteristics and the distance ensuring a clear recognition of these were successfully identified.

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It is a important concept on Civic Design that a infrastructure facility is harmony with urbanscape or landscape.
This study aims to identify a concept of silhouette of bridge and urbanscape to give new design vocabularies to civic design works.
What does a bridge make an esthetic effect on urbanscape and landscape? This question was discussed by observing shilhouettes of domestic and foreign bridges. The concepts proposed here are stage, joint, contrast, copy, skyline, landscape-line, double shilhouette, frame, packing.

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The aim of this study is to find out standards of direction for admire ships, which make the common people feel “port”. In this study, we have two methods. The one is, examples of viewpoints for ships and 1, 016 pieces of port photographs taken by the common people are analyzed in order to grasp the raugh standards. And the other is 39 subjects were asked for an impression of sight on 5 video films of 5 model ships that were taken in various directions. The main conclusion of this study is we have a deep impression for ships when our viewpoint is 30°-60°from front or right back of a ship.This conclusion can be utilized in several stages of portscape planning such as locating waterfront parks, and such like.

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The purpose of this study is to find the characteristics of attractive landscape of bay area, by analyzing MEISHO-ZUE pictures in Edo-era.
Through the analysis of 127 pictures, the following is found.(1) The people in Edo-era prefered bay area of not only uncommon or unique landform, but also common landuse such as port and sandy beach.
(2) The prefered themes of landscape are classified into 7.patterns, and as a whole, the people prefered the landscape of which theme is total area of bay.
(3) The view points and the view directions to view the landscape of bay area are classified into 5 patterns, and as a whole, the people prefered the view direction to the other side of bay area.

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The purpose of this study is to find the characteristics of the sound environment in Tamagawa river. The soundscape survey was carried out through all seasons at the four places that are Taba: the upper reaches, Hamurazeki: the middle reaches, Futakotamagawa: the lower reaches and Haneda: the mouth of a river. The soundscape survey method was to record existing sounds continuously for twenty-four hours with the integrating sound-level meter, and record sounds and views intermittently with the Digital Audio Tape recorder and the Video tape recorders. The Loudness level of sound environment in 24 hours was condensed in editing with circlar graph. The seasonal variation and place peculiarity of the sound Environment were analyzed. The proper sounds are observed in each place at the four seasons. Through the relationship of landscape and soundscape, what the sound environment of the Tamagawa river should be is discussed.

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In recent years, we have a growing interest about the environmental sounds. Usually, we make great account of the visual elements for the townscape planning and design. It is important for the townscape planning to take not only the visual elements, but also the acoustic images of a place into consideration.
Therefore, the aim of this study is to make clear the relationship between a place and the environmental sounds, and the relationship between the sound images and the visual elements. As a result, we found out the characteristics of environmental sounds and sound images of 6 places in Hitachi City.

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The purpose of this paper is to propose a simple and practical model in order to measure economic benefits of flood control works. This model estimates a change in both capital gain and land use due to the flood control works. Our approach is to forecast a change in land use in a small zone by adopting a growth curve method to express the difference in urbanzation between with and without the project. At the same time our model adopts a hedonic land price function which includes valuables of urbanzation and the safety level of flood. Applying this model to the S river flood control works, the benefit measured by land price change amounts to the 300 billion yen which is 10 times of its investment cost. Also comparing this result with the damage cost of 100 billion yen measured by the conventional property value method, it turns out that the indirect effect will be 2/3 of total benefits.

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At the metropolitan-level, location of freight facilities is influenced by a number of factors which include industrial, commercial and residential activities. Therefore it is necessary for Infrastructure Planning to examine the effects of changes in yield on changes in them by a certain type of the activities. This paper tries to estimate relationship between the effects and the changes.
There is a question that it might be found that small changes in yield have no effect because of transactions costs, investment and so forth. For those kinds of problems, Double Linear Combination Tobit Model can be used. It shows the magnitude of insensitivity yielded between depedent variable and independent variables. The concept was pioneered by R.N.Rosett (1959). This paper also present a possible use of the methodology.

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In recent years, the comprehensive use of the waterfront area plays a great role.In order to meet the various demands for transport, industry and city, Ministry of Transport carried out the field surveys on the road traffic around major ports in 1985 and 1991. In this paper, we summerize the result of the surveys. Characteristics of waterfront traffic such as component rate of large cargo vehicle, peak rate etc. differs from those of the urban traffic. Then, we propose the hierarchy of road, composed of 4 ranked roads under road network, based on the characteristics of the road traffic around port area. This hierarchy of road proves to explain the characteristics of road traffic in representative port areas effectively. In consideration of these aspects, it is necessary to imporove the planning method for road in waterfront area.

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In the urban area, most of goods are carried by trucks, and the request of consumers and retailers for convenient service and high frequency delivery derived the increase of freight traffic flow in recent years, and the improvement of the logistic system in urban region has been getting nation-wide interest from the scepoint of traffic congestion and environmental pollution. Many kinds of countermeasures like truck-bay construction on road side, joint transport by common carriers and whole-salers, or socioscopic regulations are proposed against these problems.This study proposes a macroscopic collection/delivery model, where the rational economic behavior of carriers and truck drivers are introduced, and which can output the number of terminals, truck size, the number of trucks, running distance, running time, and so on, so as to evaluate the effects and the influence of those countermeasures. The model is applied on urban regions in Tokyo Metropolitan District, and the integrated survey are fulfilled for the model calibration and fitness test.

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For the last two decades, there has been a growing interest in cooperative vehicle deliveries. However this type of delivery systems may not have been successful as much as expected because of the resulting worse service levels in the cooperations and other reasons.
In this paper, we model a cooperative delivery system by an analytical modelling technique to evaluate the effect of the system under competitive circumstances. we conducted by the model some case studies with various cooperative conditions. It is concluded from the studies that the cooperations result in improvements of profit for track companies which join the cooperations, and in only cases with relatively large cargo demands and frequent liner track services those take effect in reducing the number of delivery tracks.

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The rapid growth in air traffic at Bangkok International Airport (BIA) causes excessive delays during peak periods. These delays, consequently results in passenger discomfort, fuel waste and disruption of airlines' schedule. At present, the Second Bangkok International Airport (SBIA) is under planning stage to meet the future demand. Thus, the present system should be improved so that it can accommodate the forecasted air traffic demand until the implementation of SBIA. This paper identifies operational problems in air traffic operations and analyzes the traffic condition of busiest runway at BIA by developed simulation model. Improvement measures have been suggested and evaluated. These can be implemented as remedial actions to overcome present operational problems in the airside of the airport.

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This paper formulates and estimates an integrated forecasting model for international air travel demand; a trip generation model including a “composite variable” through a nested logit model of departure airport and destination choice. The integrated model provides an international air travel demand forecasting tool; i) departure airport choice model for which alternative airports are prepared for each destination considering a flight network limitation, ii) destination choice model including a “logsum variable” combining level of service variables of access and line-haul travel, and iii) trip generation model including the “composite variable” combining a destination attraction variable and the “logsum variable”. A case study of the integrated model shows a successful agreement between predicted and observed flows.

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Genetic Algorithms (GA) includes generally three genetic operators, selection, crossover and mutation. The lack of dependence on function gradients makes it more suitable to such problems, like as discrete optimization design problems and optimization design problems with nonconvexities or disjointness in design space. The method is tried to apply to the Airline-Networks Scheduling in this paper. The results suggest that GA is more effective for large size networks.

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Recently, the volume of soil surplus has become larger and larger with increase of construction works such as subway construction and road one in urban area, and the disposal of soil surplus becomes a big social problem to be solved. So after this, effective use of soil surplus must be examined because some of them can be recycle as refill material after any chemical treatment. This paper proposes a comprehensive recycle planning of soil surplus considering a time lag of supply and demand and disposal of soil surplus, and makes it clear that an optimal planning to minimize total work load can be obtained by Transportation Problem.

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In this study, a new type scheduling model for designing desirable construction planning and scheduling efficiently is developed especially for the purpose of obtainig method of an outline scheduling plan. In this planning model rationality in modeling phenomenon and objective function to the purpose of planning is tried to keep in good balance between them with good operationality.
The hybrid scheduling model of construction project combining with simulation model and optimization model is developed to obtain such goal as stated above. A practical case study to this model is discussed by applying in construction planning of the actual large-scale tunneling project.

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In this paper, we propose a model for analyzing the effects of environmental tax. This tax might influence on not only transport but also production and consumption. It's impacts might spread all over the sectors through the market. Moreover, to estimate the effects of environmental policies, we must consider the congestion on transportation network. An Interregional input/output model is used for the analysis of markets, on the other hand the traffic equilibrium model for transportation networks. Integrating these two methods based on the micro-economic theory, a landuse-transport model is formulated.

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A simulation program named RTPSS (Regional Traffic Pollution Simulation System) is developed, in order to assess the effectiveness of countermeasures for improving regional road traffic pollution. The RTPSS consists of a sequence of data and submodels including O-D table, road network data, traffic assignment model, emission and dispersion models, exposure model, as well as a graphic presentation subsystem. Several indicators such as total emission volume and population exposed to pollution level above standards can be calculated. A case study on the Tokyo Metropolis was implemented to predict the impact of policy options including modal shift and road network change.

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For the public work, the planning usually is settled by planner specified by the law. Generally there are many difference evaluators about a planning, as the conflict is occurring, the planning can't be carried out smoothly. So the new method is needed in which the information about the alternatives is free to the evaluators and let them take part in the decision making.
In this paper, a new open method that the decision is made by the evaluators based on the social consensus is proposed. This method is derivative from Game Theory and it insert the thinking process of the evaluators' understanding and choice in the evaluation method. As a result by applying it to the airport planning the usefulness of this method is verified.

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Urban land use is often reorganized in accordance with the changes of social and economic activities. The reorganization should be coupled with infrastructure renewal. A public body and developers (private entities) need to cooperate in the infrastructure development of the urban renewal project. Then it becomes an important problem how to allocate lands and costs in the cooperation. This problem can be modeled as a cooperative game. Various situations are taken into consideration and some scenarios of the planned land uses, land prices, etc. are analyzed by changing the parameter values. The analyses lead to valuable policy implications.

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Local citizens derive their satisfaction not only from the services or goods they consumed as such, but also from the social interactions with their friends, neighbors and other people in local circles. The latter type of satisfaction can be seen as the social leisure emanating from the social-actualization processes in which they can share the common goals with colleagues and be motivated to attain them. In this paper, we stress the significance of the social leisure as the major sources of satisfaction of the people in periphery. We also present an analytical scheme to derict the voluntary provision of social leisure in communitees and an econometric model to measure the welfare levels of local citizens. A case study is carried out for the Saji village, Tottori prefecture.

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This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of a correcting method of attrition bias in model building based on stated preference (SP) panel data. SP panel data for the New Transit in Hiroshima were obtained at two different points in time. The effect of attrition bias on mode choice model parameters based on SP data was empirically clarified. The attrition models which determine whether the respondents of first wave participate into the second survey or not were developed with the first wave data. Besides, a mode choice model was estimated based on the stayers at the second wave. The attrition bias of this model was corrected by sequential step on the assumption that the error correlates with that of the attrition model. It was found that this correcting could effectively censor out the biased share of each travel mode.

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Panel survey, which repeatedly observes the same sample, has a great ability to capture the individuals' travel behavior especially from dynamic aspect. The panel survey, however, has some difficulties. One of the most important issues in implementing a survey is how to sample and maintain a panel respondents. For well understanding of the real behavior, any possible biases should be eliminated and/or identified. Sampling strategy plays an important role as well as analytical techniques.
This paper concerns practical aspects of implementing a panel survey. Sampling strategy and framework of timing are examined. The design of the survey conducted is described in detail. The results of pre-analysis of panel data are also shown for both evaluating the design and further development.

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This study looks at merging behavior in an on-ramp merging section of an expressway with a single merging lane in parallel to a through lane, in the case where the merging cars are running slower than those on the through lane. In the first part, a gap acceptance model will be developed which describes the merging behavior of a driver not as an all-or-nothing type deterministic behavior, but as a probabilistic behavior based on the merging probability. The gap acceptance model developed here has a structure in which the merging probability varies on the positions on a merging lane. In the second part, a method will be proposed which relates the distribution of ITC, an index on the safety level of traffic in a merging section, with road/traffic characteristics such as the traffic volume and the length of the merging lane surrounding the drivers' driving behavior. Through a case study by using video observation data, both the gap acceptance model and the estimation model of the TIC distribution show sufficient ability in estimation. This result suggests that the proposed model is useful to evaluate the safety level of a merging section in advance in the planning process.

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