土木計画学研究・論文集

西ヨーロッパの地域開発

北海道開発を考えつつ

中村英夫

1986 年 4 巻 p. 1-14
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.1

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非集計行動モデルによる多次元選択行動の分析

原田昇

1986 年 4 巻 p. 15-27
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.15

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過疎地域の経済活性度に関する研究

生活支援施設の経営成立性からみて

岡田憲夫, 亀田雄二

1986 年 4 巻 p. 29-36
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.29

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The paper presents a systems approach for analyzing economic vitalities of a depopulated area, whereby focus is placed on assessment of business administrability of life-support facilities. The facilities considered include small-scale local shops such as groceries, fruit shops, fish shops, meat shops, wine seller's, and general shops as well as beauty solons and barber's.
Based on comprehensive field studies conducted at Hikimi Town, Simane Prefecture, the paper illustrates how the area is devitalized, in terms of administrability of life-support service activites in private sector, and demonstrates the applicability and potential of some selected techniques from business administration and regional science, in scientifically assessing the illustrated points.

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商店街における活力測定の計量化について

本多嘉明, 大山勲, 北村真一, 花岡利幸

1986 年 4 巻 p. 37-44
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.37

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To develop and reflesh the center or subcenter in a city, it is necessary to know the activity of a shopping center.The purpose of this paper is to develop a index that indicates the activity of the shopping center in a city.The hypothesis is that the activity of a store can be masured by the efficiency of a selling area.And the activity of a shopping center can be indicated by the means of the activity of the stores.Then, the decline of the shopping center can be judged by the index which is the product of the activity by the commercial dencity of the area.It is showed that there are two powerful shopping centers in Kofu city. One is the downtown and another is the suburban center along the Kofu bypass.The result shows that the index clearly expresses the activity of the shopping center.

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高速道路における接近追従走行出現の背景分析

田中聖人

1986 年 4 巻 p. 45-52
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.45

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On expressways, it is widely noticed that drivers do not consider the safety spacing between vehicles according tothe running speed. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to get, at first, the size of the problem, and to classify the psychological demands which result in this dangerous situation. Also, a questionnaire survey, on hearing base, was conducted on drivers, and it was found that “the desire to speed” is the main reason for running in short spacing. Next, another experimental work was designed to find the spacing necessary to transmit this desire to the preceding driver. This can give an explanation to the effecting factors in the problem of short spacings on expressways.

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避航コースの選択と同航時船舶避航領域の算定

喜多秀行, 桧垣亨, 長谷川雅一

1986 年 4 巻 p. 53-60
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.53

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Calculation of the traffic capacity of channels is based on analysis of congested traffic flow, especially the behaviours of the giveway action. This study improves the previous model describing the ship behaviours in giveway motion as the results of navigators' choice of giveway action. The generalized cost function consisting delayed time and loss of ship damage by collision are newly introduced. The influence of traffic congestion to the choice between overtaking and following can be cleary explained. Moreover, the giveway motions become to be described not only by the distances between overtaking and overtaken ships in rateral direction, but also by the giveway course. This result expands the model calculating effective ship domains from one-dimentional to two-dimentional.

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人口の社会移動を考慮した地域政策シミュレーションモデル

芝原靖典, 長澤光太郎, 水野博宣, 青山吉隆

1986 年 4 巻 p. 61-68
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.61

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This study is on measurements of future differences caused by regional policy, using an operational model. The model has both cohort sub-model and migration sub-model, so that it does not need any exogenous frame. It calculates not only population by sex and age, number of workers by 13 types, and areas by more than 3 types, but also number of migrations by their origin and destination. Migration functions have different structures for sizes of study areas.A case study is done at o. city in the Chugoku-Shikoku block. Accuracy of forecasting is less than 0.1 per cent in case of total population.

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都市のSDモデル構築支援システム

福島徹, 枝村俊郎, 伊藤裕文

1986 年 4 巻 p. 69-76
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.69

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It is necessary to plan scientificaly and efficiently by using computer. But, it is not easy to use computers such that, because of poor knowledge for them, or insufficient data, etc. Therefore, to bring a solution, we developed the city planning support system. Up to date, SD model takes long time and prodigious labor. Our system dynamic model building support system can produce effectual and various information to build SD models. In this paper, we introduce the outline of this system. This system consists of three parts, there are Data base systems for city planning, SD model base and SD model management system. From the Data base systems, we set data to analyse for model building. SD model base system, we use for initial condition model of this system. The model management system compiles the SD model, interface to planners, etc.

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PRECEDENCE NETWORKの拡張とコンピュータ処理に関する研究

山本幸司, 井上俊輝, 池守昌幸, 福岡敬介

1986 年 4 巻 p. 77-84
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.77

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Precedence Network model that permits 2 kinds of time-lag values as well as 4 kinds of relations has been developed for removing the inconvenience of PERT on representing the precedence relations between activities of a project.
This PN/Time model has improved as PN/Manpower model with interactive procedure, which is one of heuristic scheduling models under resource constraints.
PN/Manpower model has been extended to PN/Man·Eday model that eliminates the dissatisfaction of PN/Manpower on the assignment of required resources to activities, and also combined with the estimation system for examining the master schedule of a project.
All models proposed in this paper have been programmed by BASIC for micro-computer system on construction job-sites.

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道路網上の経路誘導に関する基礎的研究

松井寛, 丹羽知紀

1986 年 4 巻 p. 85-92
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.85

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Route guidance is a traffic control which aims at achieving an optimum distribution of traffic over alternative routes in the network by recommending the best route from a certain origin to a desired destination. This paper describes a mathematical analysis of the route guidance problem. We characterize the route guidance problem as the problem of dynamic user equilibrium in which some characteristics of route choice vary over time and in which no individual can improve his own travel time by unilaterally changing routes. It is also shown that the route guidance problem can be formulated as the problem of discrete Minimum Principle and some numerical examples are given.

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ファジィ流入制御モデルの作成と検討

秋山孝正, 佐佐木綱, 奥村透, 広川誠一

1986 年 4 巻 p. 93-100
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.93

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Fuzzy control method is utilized in many fields. Fuzzy inflow control model on urban expressway is one of the applications of fuzzy control. The actual traffic control is performed by human operators who are always making decisions with many environmental condition around the urban expressway. The objective of the study is to investigate the establishment of fuzzy inflow control model and to study its ability to make alternative judgement. Firstly, the fundamental method of fuzzy reasoning is introduced. Secondly, the simple model for on-ramp control on Hanshin expressway is built and investigated outputs' variation by the change of the model's structure. Lastly, some problems of the model establishment and ways of their solutions are also reported.

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区分的な定常性を考慮した都市内街路の交通状態の予測について

中辻隆, 加来照俊

1986 年 4 巻 p. 101-108
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.101

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Traffic volume and time occupancy, measured by vehicle detectors on streets, plays a very important role in a traffic control system. This paper is directed to the improvement of pridiction scheme using the Kalman filter with a constant term in stead of the exponentially smoothing method, which is the commonly-used technique in traffic control system. Contents are as follows.
1) Characteristics of measurement noises.
2) System identification procedures for the proposed method, assuming that the traffic variation in a day would be partitioned into three stationary periods.
3) Relationship between Kalman's gains and smoothing constants.

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非線形地価関数モデルによる新線建設の外部効果の定量化

児玉文雄, 鎌田康

1986 年 4 巻 p. 109-116
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.109

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Land price is formulated as a function of the distance from railroad station. The database of land prices for 37 stations in Saitama prefecture is constructed. Two types of non-linear function are selected: exponential (independent town type) and piecewise-linear (bed town type). This assumption concerning the correspondence between function type and town type is proved by statistical tests. The use of non-linear function makes it possible to estimate the upper limit of distance which will be influenced by the existence of the station. This limit turns out to be a function of the distance from the downtown of Tokyo. Thus, the combination of these models makes the quantification of external effects possible. This was applied to Saikyou Line.

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住宅立地つけ値関数の推定

柏谷増男, 小倉幹弘

1986 年 4 巻 p. 117-124
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.117

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This papper represents the parameter estimation results of randome bid rent model which was proposed by Lerman and Kern and has never actually computed. The estimation was carried out over ten computation cases, each had three alternatives and a few hundred samples in Matsuyama area. Parameters estimated are well behaved about sign and relative magnitude among types of family. It is also shown that they are substantially stable over various computation cases. Important variables of residential bid rent functions are income, distance from city center, school caliver and commercial land use. Commuting time is less important than those. However, it is found that the model generally underestimates land prices while the correlationship of estimated price and actual one is good.

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観光交通量予測モデルの事後的分析

森地茂, 田村亨, 屋井鉄雄, 兵藤哲朗

1986 年 4 巻 p. 125-132
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.125

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In 1960's, many recreation trip demand models were developed for regional planning and transportation planning under the hard constraint of data sources. In this paper the estimated future demand and the models are evaluated and the improvement of the generation, distribution and modal split models for recreation trips is discussed. The advantage of the disaggregate models for each step that were developed in later 1970's is shown comparing the conventional models.

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水需要変動モデルに関する研究

高橋裕, 小池俊雄, 那須清吾, 埋田敏行

1986 年 4 巻 p. 133-140
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.133

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Two new models, for domestic water demand and the effect of water price on demand, respectively, are presented. The first is based on the multiple regressive analysis of data from 43 cities for a period of rapid increase of water demand and the second is based on the characteristics of price elasticity on the water demand. These models are successfully applied to a period of fluctuating low growth of water demand following the rapid growth period. Major findings are:(1) the structure of domestic water demand has not changed;(2) the domestic demand is inelastic with respect to price.

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Lie群論による世帯の嗜好変化とデベロッパーの行動に関する理論的研究

小林潔司, 張衛彬, 吉川和広

1986 年 4 巻 p. 141-148
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.141

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We present a dynamic model for the behavior of a developer who is assumed to be a profit taker. A conservation law in the housing market can be deduced by the classic calculus of variations, which explains spatial equilibrium of the housing market. We introduce the concept of infinitesimal transformations in the Lie group theory to describe the taste changes of households. By investigating invariant properties of dynamic model under infinitesimal transformations, the conservation law in the housing market is derived to explain invariant structure in the housing market under the taste changes of the households.

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交通プロジェクトにおける時間便益評価

簡便化手法の実用化と精度の検討

森杉壽芳, 林山泰久, 小島信二

1986 年 4 巻 p. 149-156
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.149

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This study proposes a simple practical method to evaluate the time-saving benefit of a transportation project. Evaluation theory have been developed by using the concept of the “Equivarent Variation”. This study, first, establishes a rigorous definition of the time-saving benefit based on EV. Second, through our “short-cut measurement method” it is shown that this theoretical concept of benefit can be expressed by the Marshallian transport demand function and post-improvement equilibrium prices. Finally, by using time series data from 1965 to 1980, this paper discusses its applicability by the case study on the time-saving benefit of a transport network formation.

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選好記録からの多属性効用関数の同定に関する研究

森津秀夫

1986 年 4 巻 p. 157-164
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.157

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A new method for the identification of multiattribute utility functions is proposed. By this method, multiattribute utility functions are estimated from the comparisons of alternatives. Through the comparisons, the orders of examined attributes and the preferences of decision-maker are recorded. First, this data are analized using the ranking method. And under a hypothesis that the utility function is additive, the derivation of the utility function is formulated as a linear programming problem.
We applied this method to the priority rating of urban roads. From the result of this casestudy, it is recognized that the proposed method has a practical use.

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治水計画における外力の確率評価の可能性について

中西祐啓

1986 年 4 巻 p. 165-172
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.165

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Fitness of seven distribution functions to annual maximum data of rainfall depth is compared. The distributions include six conventionally used ones and SQRT-ET-max distribution derived by the authors as a distribution function of annual maxima of total depth of a single rainfall. A proceeure to evaluate the fitness, especially in the region of excessively large rainfall, is proposed in view of a theoretical distribution function of average recurrence interval of historical maximum records and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. It is applied to annual maximum data of 10-minute to 6-hour rainfall depths observed at observatories in Hokkaido and of daily rainfall throughout Japan.

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除雪の大・中・小技術システムに関する研究

鈴木哲

1986 年 4 巻 p. 173-180
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.173

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The author of this thesis has clasified the snow removal system into three sub systems as follows: 1) Macro system which pertains the public scales governed by the administrative management, seen in the activities in high way snow removal, 2) Meso system which is realized under the cooperation of municipal scale of local administration and people living in the jurisdiction as seen in the case of local activities, and 3) Micro system which characterised to be carried out by private levels, seen in small scale activities such as snow removal from the living houses. These systems are to be so organized that the comprehensive effects will be obtained.

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道路の信頼性評価の簡便法

加藤文教, 門田博知, 浜田信二

1986 年 4 巻 p. 181-188
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.181

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Travelers require reliable transport systems that they can certainly arrive on time at their destination. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a simplified method for the evaluation of reliability on road traffic. Two factors are incorporated into this method. Those are the safety margin and the satisfaction at traveling velocity. The safety margin is allowed by travelers in their departure time in order to improve the probability on time at their destination. Some actual studies are attempted to verify the applicability of the simplified method for the travel demand forecasting and for the estimation of transport systems. As a result, the simplified method was concluded to be useful for the improvement planning of road network.

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時間制約を考慮した1日の交通・活動スケジュール決定プロセスのモデル化

河上省吾, 磯部友彦, 仙石忠広

1986 年 4 巻 p. 189-196
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.189

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In this paper, we try to represent a human travelactivity behaviour under time constraints, using the theory of maximizing random utility. The time of day when starting activity and the spent time of activity are incorporated into utility function which indicates effectiveness of activities. Therefore, the time constraints can be considered and the continuation of time and the derivative property of travel are represented correctly. Further we operationalize this problem to that of choices of activity patterns. Finally, we use the developed model to predict the change of activity pattern for workers, when the reduction of working hours is performed.

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河川微地形の形態的特徴とその河川景観設計への適用

篠原修, 武田裕, 伊藤登, 岡田一天

1986 年 4 巻 p. 197-204
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.197

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Modern river facilities have been generally designed from the functional point of view, but in this decade people have changed their thought of river from as the channel to as the important natural and recreational open space. Following this change, environmental revetments, for example shrub type and firefly type, are introduced rapidly.
Though the environmental concern, people begin to notice that forms of those revetment are still uniform and not harm onized with the riverscape. In the paper we proposed a new design method of river facilities based on identity concept by analizing characteristics of small landform of natural rivers.

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都市の河川イメージの評価と河川環境整備計画

松浦茂樹, 島谷幸宏

1986 年 4 巻 p. 205-212
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.205

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The image test for some urban rivers using for semantic differential method were carried out so as to make clear the river image and investigate the river environment planning.
According to the image test, most people imagine that large rivers (river width>100m) are beautiful, Japanesque and historic and are favored very well and main rivers have high amenity potentiates. Moreover, it is important to progress their characteristics maked throug long years and we think there is no need to improve drastically.
Small rivers are imagined unequaly because of their different situation of water quality, flood prevention and landscape. There are two types of rivers favored by many people, one is Japanesque and histpric and another is modern urbane and beautiful. This result shows that there are at least two fundamental improvement plan of small river environment.

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エントロピーモデルのパラメータと都市の特性

黒川洸, 石田東生, 藤田繁人

1986 年 4 巻 p. 213-220
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.213

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Present OD table in an urban area is indispensable in travel demand forecasting by four-step method. Generation of present OD table is one of the most expensive and time consuming tasks in the planning process. From this OD table parameters of trip distribution models are estimated. In this study, a method which is simpler than by estimating from the OD table is proposed. Wilson's entropy model was applied to five metropolitans' OD tables of differing sizes and characteristics. Relationships between parameters and characteristics of these areas were examined. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) parameter of work trip in each area are similar, 2) parameters of school, business, and to-home trips are closely related to physical characteristics (such as average distance between zones) rather than to socio-economic indicators.

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座席容量に変動がある場合の着席効用度の解析

家田仁, 前田洋明, 松本嘉司

1986 年 4 巻 p. 221-228
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.221

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Qualitative characteristics such as seat availability influence greatly on traveler's modal choice. The concept of Seating Utility was already proposed to evaluate commuter's train choice behaviour based on seat preference. In this paper, the method of estimating seat availability function is newly proposed, when seat capacity should vary in each train because the amount of passengers from other stations alter statistically, and commuter's real behaviour observed in middle distance commuter's station in Tokyo.It was made clear that seating utility is small value when seating time is less than about 10 minutes, but it increases rapidly with the gain of time consumption to about 30 minutes and afterwards it increases rather generously.

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意識データを用いた非集計モデルの改良に関する分析

鈴木聡, 原田昇, 太田勝敏

1986 年 4 巻 p. 229-236
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.229

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This paper presents attempts to improve some defects of conventional disaggregate models by using attitudinal data for travel choice prediction. Our first approach is the use of attitudinal data as explanatory variables for qualitative factor. The second approach is it's use as an index for segmentation to consider variation of individual decision criteria. Our conclusions are as follows. As explanatory variables evaluated values and reported values of LOS variables have good explanatory power and evaluated values, in particular, have ability to explain qualitative factor. The segmentation based on whether person evaluates highly the delay of travel time or not is effective in explaining variation of individual choice.

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歩道幅員の決定方法に関する実証的研究

土井元治, 天野光一

1986 年 4 巻 p. 237-243
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.237

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It has been considered that the minimum requirement of effective sidewalk width is 1. 5m. But it is not ideal under some conditions.
This paper aims at a method to decide the sidewalk width considering three traffic conditions which often happen (pedestrian walks 1.with umbrella, 2. with fellows, 3. with baggages).
The survey results are as follows: a. the width of one pedestrian with umbrella is 1.0m. b. in urban area, the rate of pedestrian who walk with fellows is about 20-50%. c. the with of one pedestrian carrying baggages is about 0.85m. d. on the sidewalk of 1.5-1.9m width, pedestrians are often forced to go into carrigeway to avoid conflicts with other pedestrians.
After consideration of these behavior of pedestrians, we propose that 2.25m should be the desirable service level as the minimum width for sidewalks.

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住区内街路における駐車現象の分析と街路運用に関する研究

塚口博司

1986 年 4 巻 p. 245-252
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.245

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In residential street planning, it is very important to examine how to deal with parking vehicles on residential streets, because pedestrian traffic usually competes with parking vehicles, and pedestrians are often faced with dangerous situation. Carring out several investigations, this research describes some different aspects of parking problems in residential areas. This research clarifies that a lot of parking vehicles are dangerous to residents, but there are some permissible number of parking spaces located on streets, since they have few effects on safety of residential streets. Also this study calculates parking demand for visitors to a street, which can be treated on the on-street spaces.

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シケインの形態と速度抑制効果に関する基礎的研究

青木英明, 久保田尚, 山田晴利, 吉田朗

1986 年 4 巻 p. 253-260
発行日: 1986/10/30
公開日: 2010/06/04

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.253

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Form and minimum size of chicanes through which large fire engines can pass without difficulties were determined and their speed control effects were studied, in this paper. First, swept paths of a typical fire engine were drawn using a two-wheel-vehicle model and the length, lateral offset, and width of chicanes were determined. Second, several sets of chicane forms and sizes were selected and their speed control effects were investigated experimentally. When vehicle passes above photo-sensors stuck on road surface, the sensor sends electric signal to timer. Thus, the time when vehicle passed above the sensor was detected and vehicle speed was calculated. Measurements were repeated ten times for each chicane. It was found that the lateral offset of chicanes has greater effects on vehicle speed and that if the road is wide enough (width=5.5m), chicanes have few effects on speed.

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