Fish Pathology
Online ISSN : 1881-7335
Print ISSN : 0388-788X
ISSN-L : 0388-788X
Volume 51, Issue 4
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
Reviews
  • Akira Kumagai
    2016 Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 153-157
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 19, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold-water disease (BCWD), inducing severe economic loss in aquaculture worldwide. In Japan, outbreaks of BCWD have often occurred in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch hatcheries and ayu Plecoglossus altivelis farms since the mid-1980s. The disease has been causing serious damages to wild populations of ayu in rivers, and F. psychrophilum has been detected from not only ayu but also other wild fish species. F. psychrophilum in the ovarian fluid can contaminate the surfaces of salmonid eggs and passively enter eggs during water-hardening. The pre-water-hardening disinfection with povidone iodine (50 ppm in isotonic solution, 15 min) of fertilized eggs is a promising method for preventing the transmission of BCWD by eggs. Recently, the disinfection procedure begins to prevail in salmonid hatcheries in Japan.
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  • Toshihiro Nakai, Koh-ichiro Mori
    2016 Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 158-162
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 19, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) caused by betanodaviruses (Nodaviridae) was first described in 1990 in Japan and Australia, and has since caused high mortality in a variety of hatchery-reared or cultured marine fishes, worldwide. Tons and tons of paper on VNN and related subjects have been published in almost a quarter century. Current knowledge on the disease and causative virus accumulated through these studies has led to the development of many useful diagnostic and control methods in addition to virological new findings.
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  • Hiroshi Yokoyama
    2016 Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 163-168
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 19, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Kudoosis of marine fish is caused by the multivalvulid myxosporean parasites belonging to the genus Kudoa (Myxozoa). Muscular kudoosis generally lowers the commercial value of host fish, while brain and pericardial kudoosis may directly affect the health conditions of infected fish. Recent topics on Kudoa septempunctata causing the food poisoning of humans which consume raw olive flounder have presented a new threat to public health. The bi-phasic life cycles of bivalvulid myxosporeans alternating fish and annelid hosts have been revealed, but the lack of knowledge on the life cycles of multivalvulid myxosporeans is hindering the progress of Kudoa research. In this paper, several major kudoosis including K. amamiensis, K. iwatai, K. thyrsites, K. septempunctata, K. yasunagai and K. shiomitsui in Japanese fishes are reviewed from the viewpoint of the disease history, pathobiology, diagnosis, and the control measures.
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Research Articles
  • Zhenxing Liu, Hao Ke, Yanping Ma, Le Hao, Jiangyao Ma, Zhiling Liang, ...
    2016 Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 169-175
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 19, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the cause of a lethal disease named as koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) in carp worldwide. Even though CyHV-3 has been found in China, little is known about the variety of CyHV-3 genotypes distributing in this area. In the present study, to improve the sensitivity of current genotyping approaches, a nested-PCR method was constructed based on the duplex PCR reported previously. The nested-PCR targeting the markers I/II loci was used in genotype identification of CyHV-3 infected fish in Guangdong Province in 2010-2015 and Henan Province in 2013. We detected 3 genotypes including an Asian dominant type (I++ II+ ) and two emerging genotypes in East Asian and South-East Asian regions (I++ II and I++ II). I++ II was the predominant genotype in this study. Two CyHV-3 variants, ZS410 and HZ419 isolates, were successfully isolated in cell culture and exhibited the genotype of I++ II and I++ II, respectively. This is the first report of both I++ II and I++ II genotypes isolated in China. These data can contribute consideration and exploration of mode of CyHV-3 spread in China.
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  • Toyohiro Nishioka, Takuma Sugaya, Yasuhiko Kawato, Koh-ichiro Mori, To ...
    2016 Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 176-183
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 19, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We isolated striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), a causative agent (betanodavirus) of viral nervous necrosis (VNN), from asymptomatic wild Japanese jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus, which is one of the most popular feed fish for marine aquaculture in Japan. The five selected SJNNV isolates and a reference SJNNV strain (SJNag93) isolated from larval striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex were examined for their pathogenicity in hatchery-produced larvae of Japanese jack mackerel and striped jack by an immersion challenge method. All of the SJNNV isolates and SJNag93 were able to infect larvae of both species, although the infective titers in the dead larvae of striped jack were significantly higher than those of Japanese jack mackerel. One isolate (05SaiJJM-3) was particularly virulent to striped jack larvae and was comparable to SJNag93. However, phylogenetic analysis on a genotype-specific sequence region (T4) of the coat protein gene (RNA2) showed that the 05SaiJJM-3 isolate was clustered differently from not only the other four isolates of Japanese jack mackerel but also from SJNag93. The present study revealed that SJNNV in subclinically infected wild fish was pathogenic, suggesting that wild fish can be a potential infection source for cultured fish via water- or food-borne transmission.
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  • Hisato Takeuchi, Motoyuki Hiratsuka, Hiroki Oinuma, Yoshiyuki Umino, D ...
    2016 Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 184-193
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 19, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Tama River is an urban river flowing throughout the Tokyo Metropolis. The water quality has been improved and a large number of wild ayu Plecoglossus altivelis migrate upstream in recent years. We conducted an epidemiological survey on two fish pathogens, Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Edwardsiella ictaluri, among ayu and other wild fish species based on PCR and culture methods at four sites (lower-, middle-, upper-reaches and tributary) in the Tama River basin from May 2011 to November 2012. F. psychrophilum was detected in 15 fish species including ayu throughout the survey period, and the occurrence of F. psychrophilum infection (bacterial cold-water disease) among ayu was observed in upper-reaches and tributary areas between mid- and late June of both years. On the other hand, E. ictaluri was detected in 7 fish species mainly in summer and late fall of both years, and E. ictaluri infection of ayu with mass mortality occurred in the tributary area in late August 2012 only. It is speculated that the unusually high water temperature during August 2012 (approximately 6°C higher than that of 2011) served as a predisposing factor in this mortality. Disease occurrence in riverine ayu might be attributable to the subclinical infection status of fish and stress conditions imposed by the environment.
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  • So-Young Oh, Wi-Sik Kim, Myung-Joo Oh, Toyohiko Nishizawa
    2016 Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 194-198
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 19, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) was intramuscularly inoculated to rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus at 11°C, 16°C, 26°C or 28°C to compare the multiplication rates of RSIV in vivo. The rearing temperature at 11°C and 16°C increased at 0.15°C/day, while that at 26°C decreased at 0.11°C/day, along changes of natural water temperatures. After RSIV inoculation at 28°C and 26°C, fish began to die at 11 and 15 days post inoculation, respectively. Their cumulative mortalities were more than 92%. However, no mortality or less than 5% mortality was observed in fish inoculated with RSIV at 11°C or 16°C. The fastest multiplication rate of RSIV was in fish at 28°C, and it was reduced by decreasing fish rearing temperature. Therefore, the virulence of RSIV was affected by fish rearing temperature and the multiplication rate of RSIV. When fish inoculated with different doses of RSIV at 11°C, all of those fish were persistently infected by RSIV for a long period. After water temperature increased to ≥ 20°C, the fish persistently infected by inoculation of RSIV at high intensities developed disease (≥ 78% of mortality), but no mortality occurred in the fish at low intensities of RSIV inoculation. The initial intensity of RSIV infection influenced the mortality of fish with persistently infection of RSIV.
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  • Shinya Mizuno, Shigehiko Urawa, Mahito Miyamoto, Makoto Hatakeyama, Ha ...
    2016 Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 199-209
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 19, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Trichodinids are ectoparasitic ciliates that infect the body surface of salmonid fish and occasionally cause high mortality in juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta reared at hatcheries in northern Japan. The present study examined the occurrence of trichodinid ciliates on wild fish and hatchery-reared juvenile chum salmon in Hokkaido to determine the epidemiology of these parasites. Trichodinids were observed on juvenile chum salmon reared at 28 out of the 87 examined hatcheries and on wild fish, including masu salmon O. masou, rainbow trout O. mykiss, adult chum salmon, white-spotted char Salvelinus leucomaenis, and Dolly Varden S. malma in rivers. All isolates of trichodinid ciliates had the same nucleotide sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene and were identified morphologically as T. truttae. A transmission experiment showed that T. truttae was transmitted horizontally from wild masu salmon to hatchery-reared juvenile chum salmon. Our results demonstrate that a dominant species of trichodinid ciliate infecting salmonid fish in Hokkaido is T. truttae and that wild salmonids can be an infection source of hatchery-reared juvenile chum salmon.
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Short Communication
  • Mari Inada, Christina Retna Handayani, Yasuhiko Kawato, Tohru Mekata, ...
    2016 Volume 51 Issue 4 Pages 210-212
    Published: 2016
    Released on J-STAGE: January 19, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Infectious myonecrosis (IMN) causes high mortality in the white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and is listed by the OIE. In the current OIE manual (2016), a commercial kit is recommended to conduct one-step RT-PCR for the detection of IMNV. However, the reagent kit is no longer sold in Japan. We therefore tested different programs for RT-PCR using SuperScript® III One-Step RT-PCR System, which is different from the one that is recommended in the OIE manual for the diagnosis of the disease. The sensitivity of virus detection was clearly higher when the program of 3-step PCR after reverse-transcription at 55°C was adopted than the detection using the program described in the OIE manual, which is 2-step (shuttle) PCR after reverse-transcription at 60°C. The result suggests that the 3-step PCR program with SuperScript® III is useful for the diagnosis of IMN.
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