A procedure to determine a “large-sized” paddy field size and turning method for the field machinery was developed and tested under field conditions. The optimal size of the “large-sized” paddy field is affected by the farm machinery work system, the farm management system, the geographical conditions, the climatic conditions, and the soil condition.
We tested two types of turning for several shapes of paddy fields. One was the standard turning (turning in the field) and the other was the farm road turning (use farm road for turning.)
Three sizes of fields were used to test the standard turning method. The resulting treatments in which the field length was a variable and the corresponding lengths were: T-1: 100m; T-2: 150m; T-3: 200m. The farm road turning method was tested on only one field length (T-4: 200m.)
For land preparation and paddling work farm machines efficiency was increased with the width of the field for all field shapes. Efficiency was also increased with the increased field length, where treatment T-4 had the highest efficiency.
The efficiency of high-speed rice transplanter showed similar trend to the Iand preparation and paddling machines. However, in general, the work efficiency was low because the effect of the field width expansion was not enough to compensate for the long replenishment time of the seedlings box.
Farm machinery efficiency of herbicide scattering using riding type spraying and dusting machines also increased with the field length. The fact that the rate of herbicide application was low, enabled the machine to travel long distances before replenishment was needed.
Moreover, the efficiency of the spraying machine was greatly influenced by the field width. When the quotient, of dividing the field width by two spraying widths (20*2=40m), was an integer the efficiency was high. However, when the quotient wasn't an integer (field widths 30, 60m etc.) the efficiency was low.
The spraying width for top-dressing using riding type spraying and dusting machines had to be adjusted for long fields with only one side road. By using farm road turning, the farm machines efficiency was improved for top-dressing work. Again when the quotient, of dividing the field width by two spraying widths, was an integer the efficiency was high and low when the quotient wasn't an integer.
Efficiency of multi-crop combine harvester, using the farm road turning where farm roads were on both sides of the field, was always high. Having roads on both sides of the field reduced the travel distance to empty the grain tank as compared with standard turning.
Moreover, farm machines efficiency increased when the field area was smaller than two hectare. When the field area was larger than two hectare farm machines efficiency leveled off and in treatment T-3 there was a reduction in efficiency for larger field areas.
The optimal field size for farm machines work was a function of turning type. The farm road turning required less time (sum of total machine utilization time*number of men) than the standard turning. Using the farm road turning, the effect of field width expansion was not consistent.When the field width was 100m or more, it was impossible to reduce total working hours. On the other hand, total working hours decreased in standard turning when field width was expanded by removing the borders. Total working hours decreased in a continuous rate for fields with small widths, and leveled off for fields larger than two hectare. The decrease in total working hours for two hectare field size was seventeen and twenty three percent as compared with the 0.3ha standard field size for treatments T-1 and T-4, respectively.Therefore, it was concluded that the optimal size of a paddy field is two hectare.

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In order to reduce the production cost of rice, a work system for the dry seeded rice culture on clay ill-drained paddy field of large lot was studied.
One of the problems to be solved on the dry seeded rice culture is that the seeding is difficult for a couple of days after rain. This is a serious problem, especially in the Hokuriku district.
Therefore, to reduce the rain damage for seeding practice, the effect of soil packing after tillage was investigated under the conditions of natural rain and artificial rain.
The results are as follows:
1. Packing after tillage increased density in the soil layer at the depth of 15cm. The corn index was between 0.39-0.59MPa (4-6kgf/cm²). So, after 15mm/day natural rain and 20mm/day of artificial rain, the sinkage of a tractor with seeding machine at a day after the rain stabilized between 3-4cm.
2. The soil layer in the packed field was tilled to a depth of 9-11cm by a rotary harrow. Soil packing increased the solid ratio of soil and lowered the water content-by weight.
As a result of it, the higher rate of soil pulverization, the lower rate of uncovered seeds and the stable seeding depth were obtained.
3. In the packed field, the rate of emergence showed more than 70% when rice grains were seeded at day after the rain, which is 15mm/day of natural rain or 20mm/day of artificial rain.
4. By soil packing after tillage, it may be possible to seed as scheduled even next day of 15-20mm/day rain. So we can expect that the soil packing expand the number of days for seeding.

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The survey of customary farm practices for improving the cropping system in Guyuan Prefecture of Ningxia Autonomous Region, which is located at the western part of the Loess Plateau in China, was carried out, This work has been conducted as a part of the research project on the “Fundamental study of the establishment of grasses and crops on the Loess Plateau in China” sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan. In this paper, we discussed the characteristics of the distribution of yearly work hours which were estimated from the work hours for a 10 day period in the cultivation of each crop where crop rotation occured
1) Using statistics of the village investigated, it was estimated that the mean cultivated acrege and the mean number of labor of each farm were 2.6ha and 3 persons, respectively. The mean yearly hour of farm labor and of draft animal use for a farm were 1918.5 and 666.1 hours, respectively. We found that there were three busy farming seasons in a year. The first season was in middle- and late-May owing to weeding. The second season was from late-July to early-August, when spring wheat and flax were harvested, followed to field plowing after harvest of wheat and pea. The third season, which was the busiest farming season, was in late-September, when plowing and carring and application of organic fertilizer in the field were achieved.
2) Through all our papers (Parts from 1 to 4), the following things were pointed out.
(1) In order to prevent soil erosion on the Loess Plateau, it is important to stop crop cultivation on steep slopes and to establish grassland there. However, this results in reduction of the cultivated acreage, and necessity of increase in crop yields on the flat land. Based on our observations and field trials, we consider an increase in the soil water and fertilization application might be the key facters for increasing crop yields.
(2) In customary farm practices, farmers have made a great effort to break the crust formed on the soil surface with repeated sharrow plowing, and to harvest rainfall water into the soil during the summer season. On the other hand, this farm practice caused the formation of very hard plow sole in the fields. To solve this problem, it is suggested that subsoiling will be able to increase crop yields due to the increase in water retention and expansion of the root zone for crop growth.
(3) Organic fertilizer, which contains a high percentage of soil, is the main fertilizer. It needs long working hours to carry and spread in the field. For reducing work hours, we recommend that determining a reasonable percentage of soil in the fertilizer is important. At present the amount of chemical fertilizer applied is small. So, we suggest that in order to increase crop yield, it is necessary to increase the application amount of phosphoric and nitrogenous fertilizers.
(4) Because of inefficient threshing practice using a stone made roller, waste and quality loss of grains during temporal storage seemed to be large. We suggest that a foot pedal thresher, which is usually used in other parts of China, should be introduced to rectify the loss.
(5) Farmers need the aid of children and old forks for hand hoe weeding. We recommend to introduce a highly efficient hand weeder for the release from such grueling work.

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Labor requirements for several orchard operations were monitored over three consecutive years with three orchard systems of Fuji trees grown on Marubakaido (Males prunifolia Borkh. var. ringo Asami) rootstocks. Orchard systems studied were; low-density system (9m×9m) with conventional open-center trees, medium-density system (6m×4m) with central leader trees, and high-density system (4m×2.5m) with central leader trees. Labor requirements were determined in terms of seconds perharvested fruit.
The low-density and medium-density systems did not differ significantly in labor requirements for hand pollination and harvesting. The medium-density system, however, was less labor-cosuming than the low-density system with regard to fruit thinning as well as leaf removing and fruit turning both practiced in the fall to improve red color development.
It was suggested that cutting-back of lateral branches lead to a remarkable reduction of labor requirements for hand pollination, fruit thinning, and harvest operations in the high-density system, otherwise comparable with those for the low-density system, the lowest of the three orchard systems. Labor efficiency on the per fruit basis for the above-mentioned operations was suggested to be improved with higher crop load of the trees.
No significant differences were detected in labor requirements on the 0.1ha basis for pruning operation among the three orchard systems.
Traveling times of air-blast sprayers were in the order of; medium-density system < low-density system ≈ high-density system.

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Data on farming systems in Indonesia were collected and analyzed.
Various kinds of agricutural machines have been imported and tested in Indonesia. However most of them were not used properly due to the shortage of spare parts and difficilty in maintenance.
Some selected agricultural machines were evaluated from the point of the depreciation whether appropriate the manufacturable or not in local conditions.
Indonesia can be classified into five categories in terms of promoting of appropriate agricultural mechanization based on the Cluster analysis.
Some machines and tools were recommended for use in the respective groupes.

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In order to obtain an basic data for the design of a leaf-stripping machine for sugar cane, the operational characteristics of a link chain type leaf-stripping roll and its durability were analyzed. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1) In case of the feeding quantities beyond about 950kg/man-h, detrash rate decreased remarkably at the stripping roll-speed of 8.48m/s.
2) Trash rate decreased mainly in proportion to the stripping roll-speed, and it could be considered that there is no effect of the feeding roll-speed under the stripping roll-speed of 9.90-12.72m/s.
3) Cane loss increased in proportion to the stripping roll-speed. The maximum of cane loss was 5.7% under the stripping roll-speed of above 9.90m/s.
4) The increase of stripping power was 0.07-0.11kW in proportion to the rising of the stripping roll-speed of 1.41m/s and 0.01-0.04kW in proportion to the dropping of the feeding roll-speed of 0.08m/s, respectively.
5) Working efficiency made an approximation with a following equation within the limits of this experiment.
Y=10.74X^{0.98+(0.24×10-4)n}
where Y: working efficiency (kg/man-h),
X: feeding roll-speed (rpm),
n: stripping roll-speed (rpm).
6) The higher stripping-performance (detrash rate: 98.0%, cane loss: under 1.0%, working efficiency: about 740-850kg/man-h) was obtained under the feeding roll-speed of 0.55-0.63m/s, the stripping roll-speed of 9.90m/s. This working efficiency was about 6-7 times higher as compared with manual operation.
7) Concerning the durability of the material of the link chain, maximum wearing rate was 19.7% at the hitted end of the chain, after the lapse of 100 hours. This material exhibited higher wear resistance, but the improvement of the welding methods of the link joint is the subject for a future study.

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For the purpose of clarifying animal wastewater, an automatic administration with inorganic cohesion and ultrafiltration was tried. As an inorganic agglutinant, 0.385g Ferric Trichloride was added to 1g total suspended solids of slurry. The ultrafiltration module, which had the membrane made of vacant string tubes of poly sulfon, had an effective membrane area 1.0m². Maximum tolerable pressure of the module was 3kg/cm². For an automatic operation of the unit, a programmable controller PL 40-III was used. The administration procedure was as follows; Pumping up of the wastewater and addition of agglutinant solution-Agitation (circulation) of the slurry in the tank-Pumping out to the sedimentation tank-Sedimenting administration-Drainage of the muddy slurry-Ultrafiltration of the supernatant-Reverse cleansing of the filter. The unit worked according to the program. During the experimental operation, original sewage, supernatant after inorganic cohesion, and filtrate after ultrafiltration were sampled, and the loads of organic matters were analyzed. Indices of the filtrate compared with those of the original slurry changed as follows; pH 7.5 to 3.0, T-S 290mg/l to 450mg/l, T-SS 150mg/l to 0mg/l, COD 120mg/l to 26mg/l, BOD 210mg 30mg/l, and transparence 2.6cm to more than 30cm.

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