The assignment of “Innovative Combustion Technology” in Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) started up October 2014 consists of approximately total number of 80 universities and the Research Association of Automotive Internal Combustion Engine (AICE) from 9 automotive companies and 2 research institutes. The targets of this assignment are the maximum brake thermal efficiency 50% and the sustainable research framework with the industry-university coordination in Japan. In this lecture, suggestions and directions from Innovative Combustion Technology by SIP are described.

Agricultural machinery is a tool for "food production", it is necessary to discuss in relation to the historical trend of food production that sustained the world population from time to time.From the period of civilization rise to the present day of the 21st century When innovation concerning agriculture and food production increase of human history is arranged, agricultural equipment and machinery, chemical fertilizer, green revolution etc. can be cited. In this paper, we focus on agricultural equipment and machinery among the above items, and it is a prospectus showing a consideration on mutual relations between society and economy.

This paper reviews the history of production engineering, which focuses on standardization of parts and process, quality control, mass production vs high-mix low-volume production, and mechatronics. The concepts of smart factory and smart machine are profiles to define the agendas to be solved.

The conference party of mechanical engineering in JSME Kansai branch proposed a historical view of human technology that technologies developed by external factors such as society and economy, and the logic structure inherent in the technology, resulting in growth of industry and economy. In this paper we focus on technology of Steam and Gas Turbine for electric power generation and examined the influence of technological innovations on industry and economy from the trend of annual electric power generation.

Technological internal developmental law, global environment and social constraint are seasoned, and argues how to orient energy technology of the near future.It's based on global warming prevention and energy installment balance situation and indicates an example of the travel which considered how to do future energy technology, and I'd like to contribute to reference.- Key Words : Energy technology,Technological internal developmental law, Global warming prevention

Major changes have taken place in our lives since the end of 20th Century. Among of the changes, the energy-related and environmental issues become major problems for the future. To resolve the energy-related and environmental issues, the battery has played a major role. In particular, the secondary battery has evolved corresponding to the changes in the social and economic environment. This paper summarizes the process and status of evolution about nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium ion batteries to the present. Some of the technical features that demonstrate the evolution of each battery and the innovative batteries are described.

In this research, The purpose of this study is to examine the change of body temperature by the beauty exercise behind.The body temperature change by doing beauty exercise shows tendency similar to primary aerobics and first intermediate aerobics and 45 minutes after the exercise finished It is also found that it is possible to keep a high body temperature.In addition, compared to primary aerobics and primary middle-level aerobics, it is possible to keep the body temperature higher than these in a short time, so exercising to exercise extremely efficiently It turned out that it was.

Currently, manned space exploration is actively being promoted internationally, so it is necessary to clarify kinematic changes of locomotion under microgravity. In this research, walking in a microgravity environment was simulated by using an anti-gravity treadmill and its walking motion was measured with a wearable motion measurement device. As a result, it was found that it becomes floating and slower tiptoe walk as the weight rate is small from ground reaction forces and joint angles, and the walking behavior characteristics of a lower body greatly changes between the weight rate of 40% and 60% from the joint angles.

To reduce the CO₂ emission of coal power generation, pulverized coal-ammonia combustion has been studied. In this research, to investigate the influence of ammonia coal co-combustion on coal combustion process, combustion experiment was conducted by using the laminar counterflow burner. The spatial distribution of soot and PAH around a single coal particle during combustion was visualized by simultaneous measurement of LII and PAH-LIF. Results show that the distribution of volatile matter around coal particle expands due to ammonia coal co-combustion.

We focused on municipal waste incinerator as one of the methods to convert waste biomass into energy by direct combustion. Especially, a vertical stoker incinerator that applies overfeed firing as a new waste incineration method has attracted attention that suppresses generation of harmful substances such as dioxins in recent years. We investigated the combustion process of model waste and analyzed distribution of gas composition in the combustion furnace using a multi-component gas analyzing system. We also investigated the influence of low calorific value of fuel and supply air ratio of primary combustion process.

Effective utilization of exhausted heat is required to operate the hydrogen gas turbine-powered co-generation systems efficiently. When exhausted heat is carried by steam, the shock phenomenon called “Water Hammer” may occur, which sometimes leads to the damage of piping systems. We developed an interfacial tracking method based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method and the quasi-equilibrium phase change model. With this method, we calculated the one-dimensional phase change problem as a validation. Furthermore, we investigated the generating mechanisms of “Water Hammer” in horizontal pipes by calculating condensation of the vapor mass and comparing the pressure.

In this study, the effects of environmental stresses on photosynthesis and dark respiration were investigated under elevated ambient pressure condition. In particular, the effects of total pressure and partial pressures of CO₂ and O₂ on CO₂ exchange rate of aseptic medium-cultured plants, Arabidopsis thaliana, were discussed. Results showed that the net photosynthesis increased and the dark respiration decreased under elevated ambient pressure. Increase in total pressure proved to inhibit photosynthesis and respiration. In addition, stomatal conductance could not be predicted by only diffusion coefficient. These results suggested that the stomataf were opened under elevated ambient pressure.

In this research, from the result of application of Zero-ichi idea method or application of Zero-ichi idea method to high school examination. This research shows how people change by using Zero-ichi idea method, evaluate the impact. By training human resources using Zero-ichi idea method, we were able to confirm the improvement of idea thinking ability and the improvement of ability to create new oneself. Specifically, by doing the zero-irrational idea three times, people who did not come up with ideas will also come up with ideas.

Cracks in mechanical structures lead to serious destruction accidents. High precision detection of cracks and evaluation of mechanical parameter of crack are important issues in order to prevent destruction accidents beforehand. In this research, we developed a crack detection method by digital correlation method which can evaluate the strain distribution from the surface image. With this method, stress intensity factors for mode I and mode II can be evaluated from the surface.

The applicability of the active pulse echo method to defect identification was investigated. In this method, ultrasonic waves are activated by applying an electric pulse to the piezo film and waves reflected at crack tip are received on the piezoelectric film. In this paper the influence of the number of probes is investigated. The method was applied to experimental data also. It was found that an accurate identification can be made using 6 or more probes.

Acoustoelasticity is a non-destructive method not only to detect flaw in material but also to estimate quantitatively the change of microstructure. The method is often applied in the field of metallic materials, but is few in the field of ceramic material. In the method the third order elastic constants can be obtained by measuring the ultrasonic velocities with varying the stress under uniaxial compressive loading, and seems to express material nonlinearity which is caused by residual stress or the change of microstructure. In this paper, especially using partially stabilized zirconia the dependency of the clack length on the third order elastic constants.

Nanocrystalline nickel processed by electrodeposition was annealed at a various temperature to relax grain boundaries, and the mechanical properties were evaluated. The specimens annealed at 473 and 573 K for 0.5 h exhibited the higher hardness than the as-deposited specimen, but annealing at more than 673 K decreased the hardness. The increased hardness can be attributed to grain boundary relaxation strengthening by low-temperature annealing. As a result of tensile tests, annealing at 473 K increased strength, but decreased elongation to fracture. In contrast, the specimens annealed at 573 K showed higher strength and elongation to fracture than the as-deposited specimen.

SUS304L austenitic stainless steel which was processed by ECAP was annealed at different temperatures repeatedly, after the sample was tested at tensile tests and fatigue tests. In tensile properties, combination of ECAP and annealed at 600°C was the best condition ,so strength and elongation was enhanced. In fatigue strength , 1pass specimen then annealed at 600°C was better than 1pass, but 2pass then annealed at 600°C was the nearly same. Investigating at low cycle tests, initial softening was resisted by annealing at 600°C. However, 2pass specimen was nearly the same.

The strength against fracture initiation from an interface free-edge of silicon (Si) and copper (Cu) micro-components is studied. By using three types of specimens having the same free-edge geometry (135°/135°) but different outer shape, quantitative fracture tests are conducted either in a vacuum environment or in a hydrogen (H₂) environment. It is found that the hydrogen-induced reduction of the fracture strength represented by the elastic stress intensity factor (SIF) of the near edge normal stress component is different depending on the specimen type.

Effect of dry-ice peening on the development of surface microstructure of metastable austenitic stainless steels SUS304 was investigated. Directed spraying of dry-ice particles was emitted on the surface of SUS304 sheets for one and three hours. The surface was cooled and deformed plastically by kinetic energy of dry-ice particles. It was found that deformation-induced martensite (DIM) was formed on the surface, and the area fraction of DIM increased with increasing peening time. Namely, DIM was scattered after 1 hour and was formed uniformly with a thickness of 200μm after 3 hours. Hardness increased at the surface and decreased with a distance from the surface. It was reported in the literature that reverse transformation of DIM by annealing at an appropriate temperature leads to nanocrystalline structure. Therefore, it is applicable to form the surface nanocrystalline structure in metastable austenitic stainless steels by dry-ice peening followed by annealing.

Nonlinear mechanical behavior of thermosetting polymer was modeled by introducing the bounding by the intermolecular force, in which the number of the bounding is developed depending on the stress state, into the molecular-chain network theory. The proposed model could predict the ratchet behavior during the cyclic tensile test in very small strain range.

A new methodology is suggested to obtain R-curve for mode II interlaminar fracture toughness in CFRP laminates without conducting well-known stabilized ENF tests. Fibre discontinuities are dispersed in UD-CFRP laminate composite and its fracture stress is obtained by tensile loading. The fracture stress is related to interlaminar crack growth from fibre discontinuities then calculation is carried out by an analytical model to yield critical energy release rate G_C during the crack growth. The R-curve can be formed by plotting G_C with different intervals between dispersed fibre discontinuities, and is validated by comparing with ENF results for 0/0 interface.

Since lead bronze using sintered powders has the excellent friction properties, it has been used as sliding material. However, lead does human body to harm, it has been replaced lead free bronze. Bearing materials are required not only wear-friction properties but load resistance property. However, those properties are not sufficient evaluated. This research is examined the relationship between characteristics of AE signals detected by indentation and sliding test and lead free bronze using sintered material which is changed properties by processing conditions to evaluate of load resistance and wear-friction properties.

A numerical simulation model was applied to analyze the interaction between short crack propagation and wear. The crack was assumed to initiate when the total accumulated plastic shear strain reached the critical value. The Hobson model was applied for the crack propagation. With regard to wear, the Archard model was adopted. The model was first applied to the results of twin disc fatigue tests and then to the situations in the railway wheel tread. The effect of rolling direction reversal on the crack propagation and wear was studied using the twin disc tests.

This paper reports the cracking behavior of nacre-like staggered biomaterial with pre-crack. Simulation has shown 2 crack routes originates from pre-crack and strain localization. The strain energy development shows that the model with precrack has better performance. A stability based semi-analytical model is introduced to show the dynamic strain localization and crack initiation process. We believe that the pre-crack breaks the even strain distribution and enhances the systematic stability.

In this study, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of plastic deformation of a magnesium (1011) nano-twin structure. Twin boundary migration (TBM) or double twin (DT) occur depending on distance of twin boundaries.

The purpose of this paper is to design a structure formed by particles having shape. Analysis of the structure formed by the rigid system with the patchy particles on the surface is performed by Monte Carlo simulation. This system is driven by the gradient of the interaction energy between the patchy particles. We devise a crystal structure models formed by a rigid body system. By comparing the models with simulation results,we found a more stable structure than models. In this paper, we show that analyze of the structure formed from building blocks of various shapes is abailable.

Nonlocality is the mechanical behavior which is specified by the mechanical circumstance around the material point. In general, the range which can be measured by the characteristic length seems to be extremely small in the macroscopic scale. In the present research, the possibility of macroscopic nonlocality is investigated by the homogenized frame structures consisting of the nonlocal beam formulated by micropolar elasticity. The results suggest that the characteristic length is beyond the micrometer size and the Poisson ration of the whole structures approaches zero as the nonlocal elastic property increases.

We consider a theory that cutting and suturing operations by expanding the consept of “Kigrigami” and arrangement of topological defects such as dislocations and disclinations in the planes constructs a curved surfaces. We analyze the three dimentional structures of curved surface composed of various arrengements of defects introduced in the plane. In this work, we interpolated the curved surfaces and found the curvature. By composing the curvature and the potential of the curved surface, it was achieved that a certain relationship exists.

This study investigate the formation of Cottrell atmosphere around a dislocation on the basis of Langevin equation coupled with the first strain gradient elasticity (SGE) of Cauchy type. Following to the eigen strain theory of Eshelby, we introduced a straight edge dislocation at the center of a two-dimensional rectangular SGE medium. Non-singular stress field around the dislocation is obtained using the isogeometric analysis (IGA) solved with the 3rd-order NURBS basis functions. Long-time diffusion of solute atoms is governed by the overdamped Langevin equation which equips the Peach-Koehler potential, obtained from stress field around the dislocation, in addition to the conventional thermal noise. Present numerical analysis revealed the formation process of Cottrell atmosphere in a realistic time scale.

In this paper, structures and dynamics of intrinsic localized modes (ILMs) in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Systematic study of ILM with tensile deformation is performed. Moreover, lifetime of ILMs is estimated by numerical results of MD simulation. It is found that the bigger the tensile strain is, the longer the lifetime of ILM is. From these results, by changing the tensile condition, the stability (lifetime) of ILM can be controlled.

In order to improve an appreciable degradation of lifetime in cyclic fatigue two different methods adding pre-load before cycling loading were suggested. Test results showed that adding a pre-loading stress more than cyclic loading stress after introducing indentation crack was more effective method for increasing fatigue lifetime. It was supposed that the process zone formed ahead of crack tip by pre-loading suppressed the occurrence of micro-cracks and the process zone wake extended behind crack tip caused the increases of resistance on crack extension.

A hot-extruded ZK60A magnesium alloy was processed by the equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) for 1 to 8 passes at a die temperature of 200°C. Effect of ECAP pass number on microstructure and low cycle fatigue property of ZK60A magnesium alloy were investigated. The ECAPed ZK60A samples exhibited no significant cyclic softening behavior, while rapid softening has been observed in a conventional ECAPed sample such as copper and stainless steel. Fatigue life of ECAPed specimens was improved compared to the as-extruded ones. This difference of low-cycle fatigue property between the as-extruded and the ECAPed samples is understood from the twinning-detwinning behavior.

To determine the allowable flaw size of the rotating main shaft, a crack growth test of 30CrNiMo8 material was carried out, and the threshold stress intensity factor range was confirmed at a stress ratio R=0.05 and 0.5 and 0.8. Based on the experimental results, we calculated the crack propagation length from flaw growth data, which was given as a function of a stress ratio, and determined the allowable flaw size 1.6mm in consideration of a safety factor.

Fatigue tests were carried out on the stainless steel that was processed by the equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique. Stress-controlled and strain-controlled fatigue tests were carried out to investigate asymmetric stress-strain response. In the stress-controlled fatigue test at which symmetric stress wave was applied, a mean strain value of a hysteresis loop moved gradually towards tensile side after an initial rapid movement toward compressive side. In the strain-controlled test, a tensile peak stress of a hysteresis loop continuously decreased during fatigue test, although a compressive peak stress was almost unchanged. This asymmetric behavior was discussed in terms of coalescence of twin bands that were generated during the ECAP process.

To clarify effects of fuel supply rate on the evaporation behavior of surrogate fuel, laser diagnostics with high time resolution have been performed to the spray flame stabilized in a laminar counterflow field. The initial droplet size distribution is measured by phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) and the time evolution of droplet diameter is measured by interferometric laser imaging droplet sizing (ILIDS). The evaporation rate coefficient is calculated using measured values. Results show that whereas surrogate fuel has a higher evaporation rate coefficient in low fuel flow rate (i.e. low number density of fuel droplet), that tendency becomes less remarkable in high fuel flow rate.

The combustion enhancement of ammonia fuel by non-equilibrium plasma is needed for the usage of direct combustion of ammonia fuel. In order to study the effect of non-equilibrium plasma-assisted combustion on ammonia fuel, the numerical simulation which handled elementary reactions was performed. We conducted the building of NH₃/N₂/O₂ plasma reaction list as well as validation of it by comparing with experimental result in the previous study. It is concluded that O and H atoms are important to the combustion enhancement of ammonia fuel by the non-equilibrium plasma assisted combustion.

Ammonia is regarded as one of the alternative fuels because CO₂ is not emitted during the combustion process of ammonia. However, ammonia laminar non-premixed flame is difficult to be stable under atmospheric oxidizer (O₂ 21%) of room temperature. Therefore, it is important to know the flammable conditions of ammonia coaxial-flow jet non-premixed flame for developing the industrial furnace. In this study, the flammable conditions of ammonia laminar flame were investigated by changing O₂ volume fraction and rim thickness. Also, effects of fuel velocity and oxidizer velocity on the flame stability of ammonia laminar flame were investigated.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of fresh surface oxidation/surface oxide layer on fatigue crack propagation of copper (Cu) submicrometer-thick films. Fatigue crack propagation experiments in approximately 500-nm-thick Cu films were conducted in both air and vacuum environments. In addition, environmental change experiment and in situ observation of fatigue crack opening/closing behavior were conducted. On the basis of the comparison of fatigue crack propagation behavior, fracture surface morphologies and crack opening/closing behavior, the effects of vacuum environment on fatigue crack propagation properties of submicrometer-thick films are discussed.

In this study, we employ a general CAD software to create the models of the component parts of Reclining Structure. And then, a general FEM analysis software is used to characterize the stress distribution and the value of maximum principal stress, which is considered as the dominant parameter of the onset of cracking inside the case of Reclining Structure.

The method to predict delamination growth rate between resin and metal was proposed. This method was used static mechanical properties and energy release rate of the interface crack between Resin and metal.

The method of the life of Pb-free solders in the thermal cycle test was proposed. This method was able to predicted by using static mechanical properties from the relation of repeated yield stress and tensile strength.

Metallic nano-film has effects of film thickness on the creep properties: the steady-state creep rate decreases as thickness decreases in 200-100 nm thickness range. Therefore, nanoporous film that consist of nano-elements with the dimensions of less than 100 nm would show high resistance to creep deformation owing to thickness effects on nano-elements. In this study, we compared the creep properties of nanoporous films, that were fabricated by glancing angle deposition (GLAD), with those of solid films. Nanoporous films showed roughly the same creep properties as solid films.

There are many mechanical factors which affect fatigue strength of materials. However, studies on the influence of strain rate on impact loading are not enough. In addition, when fatigue fracture causes in a machine or a structure, its initiation points at the shape changing part. From the viewpoint of these, our purpose is to experimentally clarify how the strain rate and shape changing portion affect the material strength. As a result, we derived empirical formulas on impact loading of SS400 steal and clarified their coefficients.

Bulk metallic glass (BMG) has an amorphous structure and outstanding mechanical properties such as high yield stress and low Young’s modulus. At room temperature, that shows brittleness, and the creation of a viable band for shearing by structural rejuvenation causes eventual localized shear band, which leads to immediate fracture with significant temperature rise. In this study, dynamic FEM analysis using the constitutive model of BMG, in which the free volume theory and the flow rule using Dracker-Prager yield criterion is coupled, was conducted, and the influence of initial imperfections and temperature change on the formation of shear band was studied.

In order to develop electron devices, various engineering materials such as polymers and metals are modeled to carry out CAE analysis to evaluate those strength. In this study, a series of tension tests for PC/ABS, SUS304, and so on were carried out within a wide range of strain rate from 10^-2 to 10² s^-1. Then, the practical material models for those were made by taking the strain rate dependence into consideration and were applied to the dynamic FEM analysis of a smart phone to estimate the effect of the accuracy of material model on the dynamic response of the device.

To clarify the effect of boundary condition and molar weight of molecular chains on mechanical behavior of Nafion membrane, we at first employ molecular dynamics (MD) method to constitute the computational models. And then, a series of MD simulations are performed. It is found that the computational result of the models employing LJ flat wall boundary condition gives a good agreement with the experimental result. With regard to the effect of molar weight, it is found that molar weight has a great influence on yield stress.

Crystalline slip deformation across grain boundary (GB) is the fundamental mechanism which strongly affects the plastic deformation of polycrystals. The dislocation interaction to GB is dependent to what kinds of slip systems should be preferentially taken for the crystalline properties of grains and GB. In this paper, three kinds of GB interaction criteria, N-value, M-value and L-value are introduced into the yield surface calculation. Nanoindentation experiments of single crystalline and bicrystalline micro-pillars are performed to get the results about GB-dislocation interaction. The yield surfaces considering the GB effect show that the curves with L-value agree well with the experimental results.

This study investigates the size-dependence of normal mode vibrations of an isotropic first strain gradient elasticity of Cauchy type. The elastic medium has a two-dimensional rectangular shape with the dimensions of L₁ = 1.1ξ and L₂ = 0.9ξ, where ξ is a scaling factor. Lagrangian density includes two kinds of length parameters, d and g, and which control the phonon dispersion relations. Numerical analysis conucted by the Ritz method revealed that the vibration frequencies follow the classical scaling law when the size of the medium is sufficiently large. On the other hand, however, notable deviations from the scaling law are observed below ξ < 5, irrespective to the symmetry of vibration. These results demonstrate that phonon dispersion is responsible for the emergence of size-effect in the normal mode vibrations.

Pipe flange connections are composed of two flanges, clamped by a number of bolts, with a gasket inserted between them. They are used for connecting pipe lines and its primary purpose is to prevent the leakage of contained fluids. Recently, the use of low temperature fluids shows a rapid increase, and leakage related-accidents have sometimes been reported. In this research, aiming at the prevention of such accidents, thermal and mechanical behaviors of those pipe flange connections are systematically analyzed by three-dimensional FEM.