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Article type: Cover
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Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Article type: Appendix
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App1-
Published: August 05, 2003
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Article type: Index
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Published: August 05, 2003
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Harumi SAKAMOATO, Akiko YAMAMOTO, Takao HANAWA, Kenji KANAZAWA
Article type: Article
Pages
1-2
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Cell-material adhesion is generally considered to be mediated by extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) such as fibronectin. ECM increases cell adhesion, cell spreading, and cytoskeleton development, when they are coated onto material surface. In this study, we measured the cell adhesive shear force of murine fibroblasts to glass coated by ECM. We also measured focal adhesion area by interference reflection microscopy (IRM) and cytoskeleton deveopment by immunofluorescent staining to examine the effect of focal adhesion and cytoskeleton development on cell adhesive shear force. As a result, it becomes clear that the cell adhesive shear force depends on the focal adhesion area and the cytoskeleton development.
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Akiko YAMAMOTO, Yuko KOHYAMA, Takao HANAWA
Article type: Article
Pages
3-4
Published: August 05, 2003
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A single cell adhering to glass was detached from the glass surface by applying shear for using a microcantilever. The interface between the cell and the glass surface was observed by interference reflection microscopy during the cell detachment. As a result, focal adhesion proteins were observed remaining on the glass surface after the cell detachment. Fibrous structures which may be stress fibers were also observed attaching to the focal adhesion proteins remaining on the glass surface after cell detachment. Immunofluoresccent staining confirmed that β_1-integrins remained on the glass surface after the cell detachment. These facts suggest that cell-material adhesion is fractured inside the cell when the cell is detached by shear force from the glass surface.
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Kyoji HOMMA, Rika SUZUKI, Sayuri MURAKAMI
Article type: Article
Pages
5-6
Published: August 05, 2003
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Adhesion protein in mussel is expected to bio adhesive materials. Investigations were made on measurement of the removal strength between plaque consisted with the adhesion protein and glass substratum. Load to shear direction has been applied to the plaque using a special jig with razor blade at the tip until the removal of adhesion is completed. The removal strength of the plaque using the jig as parameters of removal rates is compared to the results of standard peel test of artificial cellulose tapes. Concerning the increment of removal rate, the removal strength of the cellulose tape and the plaque was proportional and independent, respectively. Mean value of the plaque removal strength at the removal rate of 0.4mm/min was 0.05N/mm, which is converted to 180-degree removal test procedure. The strength rate of plaque was a half time that of the cellulose tape.
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Yuka IMAI, Naoto KAKUTA, Kunihiko MABUCHI, Yukio YAMADA
Article type: Article
Pages
7-8
Published: August 05, 2003
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We have developed a micro-thermocouple probe for measuring the cellular thermal responses. In addition to the metabolic heat generation, a cell generates heat by physical or chemical stimulus. If the measurement of such a heat generation becomes possible, it can contribute to the development of new medical technology in pharmaceutics and to the elucidation of physiology. The micro-thermocouple probe is fabricated by layering multiple metal thin films and electrical insulating films on a glass micropipette as a base, and it functions as a thermocouple and a microinjector simultaneously. The thermoelectric performance of the fabricated micro-thermocouple probe has been evaluated.
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Maki MATSUMOTO, Souichi SAEKI, Takafumi NISHIZAKI, Takashi SAITO, Mich ...
Article type: Article
Pages
9-10
Published: August 05, 2003
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In the Brain surgery operation, it is important to completely resect glioma by operation, resulting in a long patient's. However, the malignant glioma-boundary is hard to see during operation, so a real-time monitoring system has been desirable. In this study, proposed is the novel photo-dynamic diagnosis method for glioma-surgery. The luminophor dye used in PDT can basically emit phosphorescence. The fluorescence intensity of auto-fluorescence can decrease in glioma. Using phosphorescence and auto-fluorescence images, the ratio-metric technique in Dual Emission Laser-Induced Fluorescence was applied to brain tumor detection. Consequently, it was confirmed that the contrast between tumor and normal region could be enhanced. Undesirable fluorescence variation, which was dependent on illumination intensity distribution and brain surface shape, could be reduced. The present method was clarified to be effective to brain tumor monitoring and quantitative delimitation.
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Kaoru KATOH, Fumiko YOSHIDA, Taeko HAGIWARA, Kouki FURUKAWA, Masahiro ...
Article type: Article
Pages
11-12
Published: August 05, 2003
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To understand mechanism of neuronal elongation, we have visualized dynamics of cytoskeletal filaments in elongating tip of neuron with a computer-controlled polarized light microscopy and other methods. By showing these images, we will summarize our imaging technique that visualize cytoskeletal structures of sub-nm order in living cells. Thin protein filaments (several tens nm in diameter) have been imaged with different microscopes, including Pol-Scope (Oldenbourg, 1999), video-enhanced differential interference contrast (VEDIC) microscope, phase contrast microscope, and fluorescence microscope. Thickness of optical section of our microscope have been described as z-series of images of colloidal particle (Z-step interval : 50nm) and of growth cones (Z-step interval : 100nm). Finally, we will conclude possibility of optical microscope for measurement of sub-nm order.
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Susumu KUDO, Yuuta KAWAGUCHI, Ryuhei YAMAGUCHI, Shunichi USAMI, Shu CH ...
Article type: Article
Pages
13-14
Published: August 05, 2003
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Endothelial cells (ECs) that line the inner surface of blood vessels are continuously exposed to shear stress induced by blood flow in vivo. It has been thought that the ECs have the mechanism to sense shear stress. Membrane proteins such as a receptor are known to be involved in signal transduction. Thus we thought that there is a relationship between membrane proteins and signal transduction induced by shear stress, and we studied the effect of shear stress on the membrane proteins of the cultured ECs. We visualized the movement of membrane proteins by labeling albumin with fluorescent particles. Before shear stress loading, the particles moved randomly. On the other hand, after shear stress loading, the particles moved in the direction of the downstream region on the cell membrane, and accumulated at the edge of the ECs. The velocity of the movements increased with increasing shear stress.
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Dan KAGEYAMA, Jin MATSUMURA, Hiroshi YAMADA
Article type: Article
Pages
15-16
Published: August 05, 2003
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We carried out finite element analyses for a cultured endothelial cell on a substrate and endothelial cells on the vascular wall. For the former, we investigated the effect of the shape of the cell, i.e. the cell lengths in the stretch and transverse directions on the distributions of stress and strain, under pure uniaxial stretch of the substrate. For the latter, we examined the effect of adjacent cells comparing to the above case of a single cell on the substrate. The simulation results show that a cell which is long in the stretch direction has large values of stress and strain in the upper region, and that the cell length in the transverse direction does not affect that. The results also indicate that the connection between cells increase the transmission of stretch under the deformation of the vascular wall.
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Koji IIDA, Kouhei TSUMOTO, Izumi KUMAGAI, Hiroshi WADA
Article type: Article
Pages
17-18
Published: August 05, 2003
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Mammalian hearing sensitivity relies on a mechanical amplification mechanism involving the outer hair cells (OHCs), which rapidly alter their longitudinal length in response to changes in their membrane potential. The molecular basis of this mechanism is thought to be a motor protein embedded in the lateral membrane of the OHCs. Recently, this motor protein was identified and termed prestin. Since then, prestin has been researched intensively to elucidate the behavior of the OHCs. However, little progress in the study of prestin at the molecular level has been made, because no method of obtaining an adequate amount of prestin has been established. Therefore, in this study, an attempt was made to construct a stable expression system of prestin using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The expression of prestin in the transfected CHO cells and the activity of prestin on CHO cells were confirmed by immunofluorescence and whole-cell patch-clamp measurements, respectively.
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Kazuaki NAGAYAMA, Yujiro NAGANO, Masaaki SATO, Takeo MATSUMOTO
Article type: Article
Pages
19-20
Published: August 05, 2003
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We have measured and compared tensile properties of cultured smooth muscle cells (CSMCs) obtained from rat thoracic aortas, and those of the CSMCs whose actin filament networks had been disrupted with cytochalasin D (CSMCs-CYD). Tensile properties of these cells were measured using a micro tensile tester developed in our laboratory. A cell in a dish was held with two glass micropipettes, an operation pipette and a deflection pipette. The operation pipette was moved with a computer-controlled electrical manipulator to stretch the cell horizontally. The rate of pipette movement was set to keep the strain rate in each cell within the range of 0.6-3%/s, in which the elastic modulus did not change significantly in our system. The force applied to the cell was measured by the deflection of the cantilever part of the deflection pipette. We have also observed their actin filament distribution while the cells remained stretched after the tensile test. The actin filament concentration in the central region of the cells had significant correlation with their elastic modulus.
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Joon wan KIM, Yutaka YAMAGATA, Beom joon KIM, Shoji TAKEUCHI, Toshiro ...
Article type: Article
Pages
21-22
Published: August 05, 2003
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As a method to detect the interaction of bio-macromolecules with their specific ligands, especially protein-ligand binding, this paper presents a new method to integrate cantilevers made from SU-8 and protein films fabricated by electrospray deposition. We decided to use SU-8 cantilever, since the deflection of cantilever is in inverse proportion to Young's modulus and SU-8 has a Young's modulus of about 4GPa, which is much lower than one of silicon and silicon nitride (190 GPa and 385 GPa, respectively). To increase the density of protein immobilized on the cantilever, electrospray deposition was used. Electrospray-deposited protein film has porous structure of protein molecules, so that more molecules on the same area of cantilever can bind their ligands. In this experiment, α-lactalbumin was used as a protein and it was proved that our system was useful to detect protein-ligand interactions.
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Masahiro FUJIWARA, Kenkichi OHBA, Atsushi SAKURAI, Tsutomu TAJIKAWA
Article type: Article
Pages
23-24
Published: August 05, 2003
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The purpose of this study is to produce tiny gel particles of natural polymeric material as a model blood cell. A model blood cell for use in the experiment in vitro to simulate human circulation was produced by chemical reaction between sodium alginate solution and calcium chloride solution. In our previous study, sodium alginate solution was atomized by a nozzle, and was poured on a free surface of calcium chloride solution to form the alginate acid gel particles. By that method we had gel particles of diameter more than 10μm. In this study, we tried to produce much finer particles of alginate acid gel having a similar diameter to that of red blood cells. A new alginate acid gelation system in which contact of alginate acid gel droplets with droplets of calcium chloride solution took place, was designed. As a result, gel particles ranging from 1 to 4μm in diameter were produced.
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Yoshinobu MURAYAMA, Sadao OMATA
Article type: Article
Pages
25-26
Published: August 05, 2003
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In the present paper the Young's modulus of zona pellucida of bovine ovum was calculated using Micro Tactile Sensor (MTS) fabricated using piezoelectric (PZT) material. The sensor consists of a needle-shaped 20-micron transduction point made using a microelectrode puller and mounted on a micro-manipulator platform. Young's modulus of ovum was found to be 25.3±7.94 kPa (n=28). This value was indirectly determined based on calibration curves relating change in resonance frequency (Δf_0) of the sensor with tip displacement for gelatin at concentrations of 4,6,and 8%.
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Ken HASHIMOTO, Noriyuki KATAOKA, Naoya KOBAYASHI, Kazufumi NAKAMURA, J ...
Article type: Article
Pages
27-28
Published: August 05, 2003
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SV40T(Simian Virus 40 largeT) and Cre-10xP-mediated reversible immotalization technique was applied to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Established immortalized-HAECs (imHAECs) endocytosed acetylated LDL(Low Density Lipoprotein), and PDL(Population Doubling Level) of imHAECs reached more than 80 while that of mormal HAECs (noHAECs) was about 20. Micro-mechanics of imHAECs was evaluated using ECIS(Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing) and AFM(Atomic Force Microscope). imHAECs appeared to have tighter monolayer, and had more developed stress fibers than noHAECs, and elastic modulus of imHAECs was slightly higher than that of noHAECs. These results suggest that imHAECs have superior barrier function compared to noHAECs as well as keep their phenotype of endothelial cell, and have wide variety of applications such as cell source for in vitro study of atherosclerosis, future cell-based therapy for vascular disease of humans, etc.
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Shinji DEGUCHI, Kenjiro MAEDA, Toshiro OHASHI, Masaaki SATO
Article type: Article
Pages
29-30
Published: August 05, 2003
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The changes in morphology of isolated nuclei nuclei from endothelial cells were investigated before and after exposure to fluid flow. In addition, the Young's modulus of nuclei was determined with pipette aspiration technique. In fluorescence observation, the nuclei in the cells were initially found compressed vertically and the isolated nuclei remained almost rounded shape under static conditions. In contrast, the nuclei before and after isolation showed elongated shape under sheared conditions. These results showed that the compressed nuclei were elongated by fluid flow in the same fashion of cell shape change, and then continued to keep their morphology even after isolation. The Young's modulus of isolated nuclei increased after exposure to fluid flow. Not only an increase in strain state but also remodeling of nucleus structure due to compression and elongation may induce hardening of nuclei.
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Katsuya SATO, Syougo NISHIJIMA, Taiji ADACHI, Yoshihiro TOMITA
Article type: Article
Pages
31-32
Published: August 05, 2003
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Although cytoskeletal actin fiber structure is considered as important candidate for the component in mechanotransduction mechanism, still the detail of the mechanism is not clearly understood. In order to investigate the characteristics of osteoblastic response to mechanical stimuli, we have conducted the observation that focused on intracellular calcium signaling response to mechanical stimulus using microneedle for applying deformation to a single osteoblastic cell. In this study, to clarify the role of actin fiber structure in osteoblastic response to mechanical stimuli, we investigated the characteristic of cellular response to mechanical stimuli in osteoblastic cells with controlled amount of actin fiber structure. As a result, osteoblastic cells responded more sensitively to mechanical stimuli with increasing the amount of actin fiber structure. This result suggests cytoskeletal actin fiber plays the role that transmitting or amplifying deformation and force in mechanotransduction mechanism.
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Toshiro OHASHI, Tsugumasa YAMAMOTO, Naoki MOCHIZUKI, Masaaki SATO
Article type: Article
Pages
33-34
Published: August 05, 2003
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Dynamic behavior of actin filaments and focal adhesion targeting (FAT) was observed in endothelial cells during exposure to fluid flow. Cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells were co-transfected with GFP-actin and RFP-FAT using a liposomal method. Fluid shear stress of 2Pa was then applied to confluent endothlial cell monolayer using a parallel-plate flow chamber. During experiments, fluorescence images were observed every 10min up to 50min by a laser scanning microscope. Before exposure to shear stress, a number of small FAT clusters were observed and the distal tip of actin filaments was associated with the FAT clusters. After exposure to shear stress, FAT clusters were rearranged together with actin filaments, showing prominent features such as appearance/disappearance, aggregation and sliding. These results indicated that the present method should be very useful for understanding the mechanism of mechanical responses of endothelial cells.
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Masataka IWASAKI, Kenkichi OHBA, Kiyoshi BANDOU, Atushi SAKURAI, Tsuto ...
Article type: Article
Pages
35-36
Published: August 05, 2003
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Bronchial asthma is a kind of chronic bronchitis. It causes a narrowing of the airway happen and so makes breathing difficult. It is important to clarify its mechanism. The interesting characteristic of asthma airway is that its buckling consists of some folds into the airway lumen. It is considered to be caused by rapid constriction of smooth muscle. We paid attention to a rapid change in the transmural pressure as a model of the constriction of smooth muscle. We used collapsible tubes as a model of the airway. We made apparatus which gave a sudden decrease in the pressure inside the collapsible tube by connecting the inside of the collapsible tube to the how pressure side of a shock tube. The shape of the cross-section of the tube was visualized by a laser sheet method and its behavior during the buckling was photographed by using a high speed video camera. As a result, it was shown that the number of the buckling model increased with the increase in the rate of the transmural pressure rise, and that it decreased with the increase in the wall thickness.
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Tomokazu YAMAMOTO, Mitsushi NAGAHARA, Shiroh NAGANO, Shigeru ITOH, Yut ...
Article type: Article
Pages
37-38
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Now, coniferous trees of the enormous quantity that it planted in the days after the war reaches time to cut it down. But, it can't be said that no prospect of effectively using coniferous trees has yet emerged. To use that effectively, improvement to the high-performance wood is indispensable. In this paper, we try to destroy closed border pit membrane of Sugi (Japanese name, its scientific name is Cryptomeria japonica D.Don) to improve the permeability of water. And dried Sugi infused with several medicine to have it become a fire-resistant wood. Using the suitable strength of underwater shock wave, it is possible to destroy only closed border pit membrane but affect the original strength.
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Yoshiko MATSUMURA, Naoko IKUTA, Kazuaki NAGAYAMA, Takeo MATSUMOTO
Article type: Article
Pages
39-40
Published: August 05, 2003
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Human skin consists of the horny layer, living epidermis and dermis. Because their histology and constituents are different among the layers, the mechanical properties of each layer may also differ. However, there have been few studies on the difference among these layers. In this study, we measured the uniaxial tensile properties of the horny layer, epidermis and dermis of the guinea pigs. The tensile test was performed in the physiological saline solution at 37℃. With regard to the horny layer, the test was also performed in the air at room temperature with the humidity of about 75% and 15%. In the physiological saline solution, the elastic modulus of the horny layer was 180kPa, epidermis 130kPa, and dermis 80kPa. Based on these values and the thickness of each layer, the elastic modulus of living epidermis was estimated to be 70kPa. The elastic modulus of the horny layer depended strongly on the humidity, and was 720kPa at 70% and 10MPa at 15%. These results suggest that the mechanical properties of the skin are different among layers, and the horny layer is much stiffer than other two layers.
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Takeshi IWAMOTO, Toshio TSUTA
Article type: Article
Pages
41-42
Published: August 05, 2003
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Skin possesses the fibrous tissue composed from the extracellular matrices such as collagen and elastine, and its macroscopic mechanical properties depend on the microstructure in fibrous skin tissue. The configuration and distribution of microscopic mechanical properties in extracellular matrices create the microscopic inhomogeneity inside the skin tissue, hence, it is necessary to analyze this microscopic homogeneity in order to predict the deformation and strength including the micrstructure of skin tissue. Recently, an asymptotic homogenization method is applied for a various materials since the microscopic inhomogeneity can be easily considered. Its reliability of this technique becomes higher and higher. Here, computational simulation is performed by the asymptotic homogenization for incompressible hyper elastic body of skin tissue with fibrous microstructure based on the updated Lagrangian formalizm and rate form of virtual work principle.
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Takeshi IWAMOTO, Toshio TSUTA, Masakazu KUME
Article type: Article
Pages
43-44
Published: August 05, 2003
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The collagen with higher stiffness property plays the important role to maintain the function which protect the internal organs from mechanical load. Since the configuration and orientation of collagen fiber contribute to the stiffness property in the fibrous tissue, the prediction of pattern formation of collagen is quite essential under mechanical stimuli. Here, computational simulation of pattern formation in type I collagen fiber is performed by combinations of the motion of fibroblast and a series of the reaction - diffusion equations for the concentrations of growth factors secreted from the fibroblast under mechanical stress.
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Kenji ATAMI, Sachie MATSUMOTO, Shinichirou YAMAMOTO, Takashi KOMEDA, H ...
Article type: Article
Pages
45-46
Published: August 05, 2003
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Confocal laser scanning microscope can observe cell form of the human skin in vivo, i.e.; horny layer, granular layer, prickle layer, basal layer and papillary dermis. The purpose of this study was to analyze quantitatively the internal structure of human skin in various forearm sites, and to compare the difference between healthy and atopic dermatitis subjects. In results, the number and volume of papillary dermis were significantly greater in atopic dermatitis subjects as compared to that of healthy subjects. This suggests that the internal skin structure of atopic dermatitis might be altered. On the other hand, the number of papillary dermis was greater in lateral site of forearm as compared to that medial site. This indicates that it might be caused by the ultraviolet effect.
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Koso NAGAO, Satoru EZOE, Hiromitsu OHTA
Article type: Article
Pages
47-48
Published: August 05, 2003
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Evaluating and managing the fish resources has required statistic and accurate analysis of the growing carrier and environment of fish. Circuli deposited on fish scale could contribute to research them. A new technique of detecting the circuli using surface profilometer and analyzing by personal computer was presented by the authors. In this paper, the circuli deposited on the scale collected from the bodies of both red sea breams and black sea breams were analyzed by computer processing. Consequently, it was clarified that number of circuli changed and was proportional to the scale size and also the characteristic of circuli pitch of respective fishes were different.
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Takeshi YASUI, Yoshiyuki TOHNO, Tsutomu ARAKI
Article type: Article
Pages
49-50
Published: August 05, 2003
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We have proposed a new optical probe that can be used to characterize the orientation of collagen fibers in dermis. A specific probing ability for collagen results from the use of second-harmonic-generation (SHG) light induced by collagen molecules in the tissue. Based on the concept of tissue SHG light, a reflection-type polarization measurement system (named SHG polarimetry) with a probe light spot of 10μm in diameter has been constructed, and human dermis has been measured using this system. Resultant data exhibits that the dermis possesses approximately uniaxial orientation of collagen fibers. Furthermore, we have extended the SHG polarimetry to two-dimensional measurement. By the two-dimensional SHG polarimetry, we have observed a tangled structure of collagen fibers, which is highly consistent with the result of anatomical examination of the skin. The proposed method will be a powerful diagnostic tool for monitoring the structural change of collagen fibers in dermis.
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Takuto NAGASHIMA, Takashi KOMEDA, Takehito KEMURIYAMA, Hiroyuki KOYAMA ...
Article type: Article
Pages
51-52
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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The skin surface pH is hydrogen ion concentration which is consisting of sweat, sebum, and CO_2 from body dissolved in skin surface. The final aim of this study is to develop a skin function measurement system for portable use. We have developed the Dry-pH-Sensor that consists of a platinum wire electrode and Ag/AgCl wire electrode, and also developed the measurement system which can measure chronological skin pH continuously. We measured four healthy subjects using a glass electrode and Dry-pH-Sensor. As the result, Dry-pH-Sensor could measure the difference of skin pH as an electric potential between tow electrodes.
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Takahito INOH, Shinichirou YAMAMOTO, Takashi KOMEDA, Hiroyuki KOYAMA, ...
Article type: Article
Pages
53-54
Published: August 05, 2003
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Dermographism test is one way of estimating atopic dermatitis and urticaria. In actual test, the examiner scratches subject's skin surface by a spatula. After that, the examiner estimates skin response for several minutes. However, the test result is influenced by examiner's subjectivity and environment. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop the system for dermographism, and to examine the methodology of estimation for blood flow and skin color. This study reports the prototype of dermographometer. The subject's skin in medial forearm site was scratched by the developed dermographometer, and was estimated by Laser spectrum blood flow imaging equipment and Colorimeter. It found that there are differences of recovery process between normal and atopic subjects.
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Mami TANAKA, Hiroyasu SUGIURA, J. Leveque, Katsuko KIKUCHI, Hachiro TA ...
Article type: Article
Pages
55-56
Published: August 05, 2003
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This paper is a study on the development of an active haptic sensor for monitoring skin conditions. The base of the sensor is an aluminum cylinder, around which a polyurethane rubber layer, a PVDF film, a protective surface layer of an acetate film and lace are stacked in sequence. To obtain a constant sliding speed, a stepping motor is introduced to drive the sensor. The sensor is first pressed against an object, and then it scans over the definite position to collect surface morphological features. Through the fundamental experiment using artificial object of different roughness and hardness, two evaluation parameters characterizing skin conditions are determined. The sensor system is then applied to the clinical test of skin conditions. The result shows that the parameters extracted from the sensor output agree with the subjective evaluations of dermatologist and the skin conditions evaluated by traditional methods.
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Naoyuki Minorikawa, Ryuuichi Minemura, Yoko Funasaka
Article type: Article
Pages
57-58
Published: August 05, 2003
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Conventional horny layer moisture meters use high-frequency admittance as the index of the water content of the horny layer without full proof. We have developed a novel moisture meter ASA-M1 in which admittance is measured at two different frequencies. With this meter, we have established a method to measure the water content and the thickness of the horny layer as well as the surface water content within seconds. This equipment enables us to evaluate water content, barrier function, and the dry depth of the horny layer more accurately than the conventional meters. It will be usefull in the clinical areas such as evaluation of atopic dermatitis and skin roughness..
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Nobuo SAKAI, Teruo MURAKAMI, Yoshinori SAWAE, Masatoshi HAGIWARA
Article type: Article
Pages
59-60
Published: August 05, 2003
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The data on shoulder joint rotation limits in anatomical literature were described in term of conventionalized terminologies, which define the joint movements : flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, etc. These medical terminology states several movements in a single plane or rotations about a single axis, despite the shoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom with polycentric rotations. If 3-dimensional movement performed successively on single joint such as shoulder, the conjunct rotation was generated concurrently with an adjunct rotation. The problem is known as 'CODMAN'S PARADOX', and it is the need for triaxial joint at the root of a limb. In this study, we propose new convenient angle definition about upper arm axial rotation, considering the conjunct rotation and the ergonomic cycle. The definision enables an assessment of the shoulder joint angle limits interlligibly over 3-dimensional space under the assumption on the ergonomic cycle action. The method was used to measure internal and external upper arm axial rotation limits experimentally from 6 persons of 22-27 years old under the condition of restricted scapula. The result shows that the motion limits largely depends on the position of the upper arm, and the persons who experienced tennis or base ball pitcher have large external rotation range on the upper arm position abducted laterally.
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Seiji SUZUKI, Toshio TSUTA, Ryou BOUGAKIUCHI, Takeshi IWAMOTO
Article type: Article
Pages
61-62
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Jing Long WU, Daisuke IKEDA, Daisuke OKA
Article type: Article
Pages
63-64
Published: August 05, 2003
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Shinichiro ITO
Article type: Article
Pages
65-66
Published: August 05, 2003
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The free style swimming forms of swimmers were compared between Ian Thorpe, the super first rank swimmer, and a second rank swimmer. The change of rotation angle of the shoulder showed that both had a big difference. Furthermore, the ratio of the time to generate impelling force of the former is longer than the latter. It turns out that the recovery time ratio which is useless for swimming is shorter. In the comparison result of posture aspect ratio, the value of the former is high because of the arm bent. For the posture of the second rank swimmer, there is little change of swimming form in between that of top speed and that of cruising speed except the number of strokes.
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Kazuo MATSUUCHI
Article type: Article
Pages
67-68
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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We investigated the flow force exerted on hand in front crawl swimming. So far many researchers have estimated the force based on quasi-steady analysis. This method may underestimate the force, because no proper consideration to the unsteady behavior is given. Since actual motion of a hand is obviously unsteady, a time-dependent flow force called the "dynamic lift" have to be taken into accout. We mention about the importance of the dynamic lift and also investigate how it plays a role in front crawl.
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Motomu NAKASHIMA, Shinya OKANO, Kyosuke ONO
Article type: Article
Pages
69-70
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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In the previous study, a self-propelled two-joint dolphin robot to study propulsive mechanisms of high-speed swimming animals was constructed. The total body length of the robot is 1887mm, which is similar to the length of actual fast swimming animals. The robot is composed of a streamlined body and a rectangular caudal fin. The first joint is actuated by a starter motor which has the maximum output power of 7.4kW. The second joint is moved passively by springs. In this report, the swimming motion of the dolphin robot in the absolute space was measured by using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. The results of the motion measurement was introduced into our simulation program of the three-dimensional panel method. The simulation results of the propulsive efficiency exhibit same tendency as the experimental ones, although the simulation results becomes 10∿20% higher than the experimental ones.
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Megumi NISHITOBA, Yukio MAGARIYAMA, Seishi KUDO
Article type: Article
Pages
71-72
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Many bacteria swim by rotating their helical flagellar filaments, which act as screw propellers. We measured relationship between flagellar shape and swimming speed of Vibrio alginolyticus cells by using laser dark field microscopy (LDM). The pitch was observed to slightly decrease when a cell swam forward, while it was observed to slightly increase when a cell swam backward. The radius seemed to have the same tendency to the pitch, though the change was rather small compared with the experimental error. The deformation in flagellar helix observed here was estimated to hardly influence the ratio of swimming speed to flagellar rotation rate (v-ƒ ratio) that corresponds to the propulsion efficiency by only a few percent.
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Kensaku BABA, Tomonobu GOTO, Masaharu NISHIMURA
Article type: Article
Pages
73-74
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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A model explaining nonlinearity of swimming motion of bacteria is proposed in this study. The swimming speed of peritrichous bacteria such as Salmonella is not proportional to the rotational rate of its cell body although the speed of monotrichous bacteria such as Vibrio is. This is so in spite of that the fluid flow induced by their motion must be a creeping flow and a linear relationship between the speed and the rotation rate is expected since the size of bacteria are very small. In order to resolve the enigma, we assume that each rotary motor driving flagellum has slightly different torque-rotational rate character. The directions of several motors are estimated by minimizing the difference between their characters and experimentally evaluated one under the condition that the direction of total torque coincides with experimental data.
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Kazuki YOSHIDA, Yasunari TAKANO
Article type: Article
Pages
75-76
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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The deformation of a flagellum of Vibrio alginolyticus, single-flagellate bacteria, is analyzed theoretically assuming the form of the flagellum to be a circular helix. The viscous force exerted on the flagellum in aqueous fluid is estimated applying the resistive-force theory based on the Stokes flow. The moments of force in the flagellum are described in analytical expressions and also the curvature and the torsion of the deformed flagellum are expressed analytically according to the Kirchhoff rod model. The deformation of the flagellum is obtained numerically solving evolution equations which describe a space curve with modified curvature and torsion. Comparing variations of the pitch of helical flagella between the numerical solutions and the results of measurement, the elastic bending coefficient for the flagellum of Vibrio alginolyticus is estimated.
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Yoshifumi OGAMI, Daisuke YAMADA, Yasunari TAKANO
Article type: Article
Pages
77-78
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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The speed of a bacteria, which uses a rotating helical flagellum to produce propulsion, is calculated by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations. This rotating flagellum is treated by sliding mesh technique. The control volume method is utilized for discretizing the equations, and the first order scheme for the convection term, the second order scheme for the diffusion term, and the first order implicit scheme for the unsteady term. The speed is estimated by converting the kinetic energy produced by the rotating flagellum. It is found that higher rotational speed gives more conversion loss to the speed of bacteria, and that the order of the speed estimated by the present method agrees with that by the boundary element method with the Stokes approximation.
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Tomomasa OZEKI, Shunichi KOBAYASHI, Hirohisa MORIKAWA
Article type: Article
Pages
79-80
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Eukaryotic flagella possess two singlet microtubules and nine outer doublet microtubules. Protuberances of protein named as dyneins, are placed along doublet microtubules. Dyneins produce the sliding force of doublet micrutubules. Bending of flagella is generated by the active sliding doublet microtubules. We have made artificial propulsion mechanisms in water modeled on the active sliding between two doublet microtubules. Electromagnetic actuators corresponding to the function of dyneins were placed along two flexible beams. To ensure larger active sliding, we modified the arrangement of electromagnets for the electromagnetic actuators.. The thrust force of the propulsion mechanism in water was discussed.
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Hirohisa MORIKAWA, Yoshitaka NAKANO, Ryousen FUJIHARA, Shunichi KOBAYA ...
Article type: Article
Pages
81-82
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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The mechanism of locomotion in a terrestrial gastropod or a snail seems to be attractive for the bedridden because the locomotion mechanism has the applicability to a mobility equipment like a non wheel bed with flexibility and stability for ground conditions inside a room. Though studies on the mechanism of locomotion in snail have been carried out, there is a significant absence of understanding the locomotion mechanism of a snail moving over irregular ground. In this paper, from the viewpoint of biomechanics, the locomotion mechanism of a snail moving over the rough surface of the ground was investigated through measurement of both the vertical and the horizontal forces generated by the sole of the snail. Moreover, the effect of mucus on the propulsion of the snail was also examined using a surface with water absorption paper and a repellent surface of the ground.
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Yoshihiro KUBOTA, Osamu MOCHIZUKI
Article type: Article
Pages
83-84
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Object of this study is to conjecture a motion of a micro robot moving in a blood vessel. Instead of the micro robot, we observed motion of legs of an ant walking along a conduit. The motion of an ant was taken by a high speed video camera. The change in position of legs were analyzed and the change in speed and acceleration were obtained. It was found that each legs were synchronized and rear leg was the most powerful.
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Koji TSUYUKI, Seiichi SUDO
Article type: Article
Pages
85-86
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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This paper is concerned with the flight mechanism of flying insects. The wing structure and flapping behavior of cicadas were revealed by some experiments. Wing structures of cicada were measured by a three-dimensional curved shape measuring system. The details of three-dimensional structure of wing surface revealed the difference elevations of cross section on a cicada wing were flat than a wing of dragonfly. The kinematics of a cicada wing was revealed by a motion analysis system. The motion analysis system was composed of two high speed video cameras, a motion grabber, and a personal computer. The flapping trajectories of a cicada in detail were revealed by the experimental system. The velocity fields around a flapping cicada were measured by a PIV system. The PIV system clarified the velocity fields about downward and upward flapping.
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Hitoshi MIYAKE, Atsushi NISHIDA, Jun SHIRAHATA
Article type: Article
Pages
87-88
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Indirect-flight insects' flying mechanism has not yet been fully recognized, though our results showed much newer knowledge. That is, from the muscles' EMG the 1/f fluctuation or similar phenomenon was revealed. According to these facts, we made a new model of the indirect-flight mechanism. The results gave almost successfully good agreement.
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Kei KOSUGI, Hiromu HASHIMOTO
Article type: Article
Pages
89-90
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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This report describes the development of mini-sized robot based on the flight mechanics of dragonfly. At first, the motion analyses of flapping and feathering motion of dragonfly's wing are carried out from the image data recorded by the ultra-high speed video camera under the free flight conditions. Applying the results obtained to the dynamic analysis of wing motion based on the flight mechanics, the thrust and lift forces of fore and hind wings are estimated. The predicted results by this theoretical model are reasonable and it may be applicable to artificial-wing design.
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Jun TOMIOKA, [in Japanese], Shunichi YAMAZAKI, Kenji YAMAZAKI, Tomohir ...
Article type: Article
Pages
91-92
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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A centrifugal blood pump has been developed as an implantable left ventricular assist device. A newly designed mechanical seal with a recirculating cooling water system is used for the shaft seal. The mechanical seal separate cooling water and blood in the sealing face. The objective of this study is to establish the measuring method of bidirectional leakage of the sealed fluid and the cooling-water through the sealing face, and to measure the hemolysis characteristics for the centrifugal blood pump. As the results of the experiments, the leakage rate of both the cooling water and the blood were almost zero. Hemolysis characteristics performed acceptably well to support its use in clinical use.
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Jun TOMIOKA, Takashi OHBA
Article type: Article
Pages
93-94
Published: August 05, 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Magnetic fluid seals are used in a wide variety of gas and dust sealing applications. However, it is difficult to seal for liquid because of its characteristics. The objective of this study is to clarify the characteristics of magnetic fluid seals for liquid, especially for blood. Sealing pressure test, and durability test have been conducted for this seal. In this study, magnetic fluid, sealing fluid, eccentricity ratio, revolution speed were selected as parameters. As results of the tests, it has been found that properties of magnetic fluid seal depend on the solvent and the saturation magnetization of magnetic fluid. Therefore, the selection of magnetic fluid is important for this seal. It also has been found that eccentricity ratio of the shaft caused harmful effect for seal properties. In conclusion, it has been showed that magnetic fluid seals could be possibly used in medical instruments such as rotary blood pumps.
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