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Article type: Cover
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Published: August 22, 2001
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Article type: Appendix
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Published: August 22, 2001
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Article type: Appendix
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Published: August 22, 2001
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Article type: Appendix
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Published: August 22, 2001
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Article type: Index
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Published: August 22, 2001
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Yutaka ISHII, Tomio WATANABE
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0101
Published: August 22, 2001
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The effects of the arrangement of Virtual Actors on human communication are examined by using the embodied virtual communication system for human interaction analysis by synthesis. The system provides two remote talkers with the communication environment sharing the embodied interaction through VirtualActors including themselves in the same virtual face-to-face scene. The effectiveness of the face-to-face arrangement of VirtualActors is demonstrated by the sensory evaluation in 15 pairs of 30 talkers under three arrangements in which 2 VirtualActors are in face-to-face, they are side by side, and the only partner's VirtualActor is presented.
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Takeshi SHINTOKU, Tomio WATANABE
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0102
Published: August 22, 2001
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The embodied virtual face-to-face communication system is developed for three human interaction analysis by synthesis. The system provides networked virtual communication environment in which three remote talkers can share embodied interaction by observing their interaction of Virtual Actors including themselves in the same virtual space. The effectiveness of the system is demonstrated by sensory evaluation.
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Ryusei DANBARA, Tomio WATANABE
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0103
Published: August 22, 2001
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An electronic interactive actor called "InterActor" with both functions of speaker and listener is developed for activating human interaction by generating expressive motion such as nodding, blinking and the actions of head, arms and waist coherently related speech input. By using InterActor, the concept of speech driven embodied interaction system is proposed for human interaction sharing in remote communication. Moreover, the prototype of the system is developed, and the effectiveness of diverse communication actions of the system is demonstrated by sensory evaluation.
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Akio GOFUKU, Yutaka TANAKA, Takehira NAKATANI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0104
Published: August 22, 2001
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Service robots will be used in practical to support human activities of daily life. When a human verbally orders a task to a robot, the order tends to be an imperfect sentence because of the dependency of a human utterance on the context and the knowledge obtained beforehand. The imperfect sentence means the one which does not include all necessary information to persue the task. This study investigates a verbal interaction model to obtain lacked information in an order from users by making a suitable query. This study develops a prototype interaction system and investigates the applicability of the system by several verbal interaction examples.
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Yoshiyuki MIWA, Chikara ISHIBIKI, Shigeru WESUGI, Ryuhei TAKAGI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0105
Published: August 22, 2001
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Authors investigated expression method in human telecommunication for co-sharing of "Ba" such as atmosphere and reality through bodily movement. The experiments with Robot media result Robot's bodily movement were effective for co-sharing of "Ba" and for emergence of co-existing space. On the other hand, the reality of operators and co-existing feeling hardly emerged. This paper reports, in order to increase the reality, we investigated to overlay the robot and video image of the operator with optical see-through HMD and projector. In result, this method generates existing of operator, moreover existing of whole space around the operator by synchronization of subconscious bodily movement. And we named this method "Emergence Reality". This method is expected to support for emerge of co-existing space in human telecommunication.
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Chikara ISHIBIKI, Yoshiyuki MIWA, Soichiro ATSUMI, Hitoshi GOTO
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0106
Published: August 22, 2001
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For various facial expressions by robot, the design by the aggregate of a module structure is effective. Now authors developed the portable Eyeball module. A possibility that the intention appears in the pupil reaction subconsciously is taken into consideration, we give this module a pupil unit be moved by Shape Memory Alloy. This module moves following user's eye movement and can express pupil vary. And we had an experiment to test impression Robot face with Eyeball module and various form of panel to explore facial expression method. Then we found high possibility that the whole boundary would be determined from a motion of Eyeball module.
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Akihiro OSAKI, Yoshiyuki MIWA, ARIMICHI Noguchi, Takashi WATANABE
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0107
Published: August 22, 2001
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Our purpose is to design and develop an interface which supports co-creation of "Ba" in face-to-face communication. Then we have directed our attention to the act of drawing in squiggle method of psychotherapy and developed the system to draw on the air as the canvas, that is called Virtual Aero Canvas, which consists of the optical see-through display with stereo CCD camera and finger light unit. We can see the finger trajectory on the physical environment through the see-through display as a wire frame created by Image processing of the finger light. In this paper we tried a few experiments about collaborative drawing using this system. The results of the experiments suggest that this system becomes a useful method to study the role of the bodily action in face-to-face communication.
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Shirou ITAI, Shigeru WESUGI, Yoshiyuki MIWA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0108
Published: August 22, 2001
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This paper presents a prototype interface system, which enables users to model structures with bricks both in real space and in virtual space. This interface system is composed of three units: brick, communication unit, image generating host computer. The brick includes micro-controller (PIC16F873) operating brick-position sensors and transmitting signals, and communicates with other bricks (communication unit) and the host computer by 9600 [bps]. And the brick holds a vibrating actuator for other users touching expression in the future work. The host computer generates virtual objects from brick-described data of two IDs of connecting bricks and their position. Additionally, this system is expected to generate reality in virtual objects.
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Masashi OKUBO, Tomio WATANABE, Masato ITO, Satoshi KUBOKI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0109
Published: August 22, 2001
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Collaboration consists mainly of two tasks; one is each partner's task which is done by the individual, the other is communication with each other. Both of them are very important for the smooth collaboration. From the viewpoint, the collaboration support system should be a coalition between the operation support and the communication support. We have developed the 3D shape evaluation support system in virtual space and the embodied virtual communication system for the analysis by synthesis. This paper describes the concept of collaboration support system for 3D shape evaluation in virtual space. Some significant results using these systems are also resumed and the factors that the collaboration system should have are denoted. Finally, the prototype of collaboration support system for 3D shape evaluation is demonstrated.
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Teruaki ITO, Kenji YAMAZAWA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0110
Published: August 22, 2001
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The idea of virtual factory has been proposed in industries to realize human computer collaboration and human-centered production. It is expected that virtual assembly will play a key role in development of the virtual factory. This paper concentrates on our approach to implement an effective interface for performing the virtual assembly using 3D model. Based on the concept of a virtual reality and interactive operation, we developed the interface of a virtual assembly using the function of VRML and HTML.
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Tsutomu KURODA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0111
Published: August 22, 2001
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Constraction of a color database system is expressed to play an important role for remote medical treatment service using an individual helth control and monitoring system, and remort education system. In this paper, we propose a method to determine the color name based on the color database using JIS standard color chart under a usual light source, and the usage of the database for remote medical service. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated from the determination of the color in a few area of hand.
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Hidekazu NISHIGAKI, Shinji NISHIWAKI, Tatuyuki AMAGO, Yoshio KOJIMA, N ...
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0112
Published: August 22, 2001
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In current automotive development, innovations to reduce development time and to use a virtual prototype have been numerous and progressive. Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) has played an important role in these innovations. CAE numerically estimates the performance of automobiles and proposes alternative ideas that lead to higher performance without building physical prototypes. However, current CAE cannot usually be used at the initial design phase due to their sophisticated, difficult, and complex functions and characteristics. In this paper, we propose a new concept of CAE, First Order Analysis (FOA), in order to overcome these problems. The basic ideas include (1) graphic interfaces using Microsoft/Excel (2) use of sophisticated formulations based on the theory of mechanics of material, (3) the topology optimization method. Further, some prototypes of software are presented to confirm the method for FOA.
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Onur L. Cetin, Kazuhiro Saitou, Hidekazu Nishigaki, Shinji Nishiwaki, ...
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0113
Published: August 22, 2001
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This paper discusses an automated method for designing modular structural components that can be shared within multiple structural products, such as automotive bodies for sibling vehicles. The method is an extension of the concept of decomposition-based assembly synthesis. A beam-based topology optimization method, originally developed for First Order Analysis (FOA) of the automotive body structures, is utilized in order to obtain the "base" structures subject to decomposition. It is expected that the method will facilitate the early decisions on module geometry in automotive body structures, by enhancing the capability of the FOA system. Several case studies with two-dimensional structures are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results indicate that two structures optimized for a similar, but slightly different boundary loading conditions are successfully decomposed to contain a component that can be shared within the structures. Several Pareto-optimal decompositions are presented to illustrate the trade-offs among multiple decomposition criteria, with different weights for each objective function.
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Yasuaki TSURUMI, Toshiaki NAKAGAWA, Hidekazu NISHIGAKI, Shinji NISHIWA ...
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0114
Published: August 22, 2001
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In automotive body structural design, Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) has been widely used in order to evaluate noise, vibration, harshness (NVH). A CAE engineer has usually used a large-scale finite element model exceeding 1 million degrees of freedom to improve NVH performance criteria. It is, however, difficult for a CAE engineer to propose the good modification candidate for the NVH reduction to an automotive designer. Because the FEM calculation is very time-consuming and many design candidates must be considered for a large-scale model. Therefore quick and effective design calculation procedures are requested to overcome these problems, especially in the recent virtual prototyping development process. In this paper, a new optimal design method using a reduction scheme based on the physical coordinates under many design constraints regarding the crashworthiness is proposed in order to overcome above problems. That is, we determine the appropriate location and additional scalar spring constants by minimizing the acceleration of the observation grid. The effectiveness and availability of this method are confirmed using an example.
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Shinji Nishiwaki, Hidekazu Nishigaki, Yasuaki Tsurumi, Yoshio Kojima, ...
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0115
Published: August 22, 2001
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Tools of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) are widely employed in many mechanical industries such as automotive industries. However, most mechanical design engineers, in fact, do not utilize CAE applications by themselves in the design phase because of the sophisticated operations and a huge amount of time for the analysis. Recently, the concept of a new CAE, First Order Analysis (FOA), has been proposed in order to overcome these problems. In this paper, we present a structural topology optimization method based on this concept. First, a multi-objective optimization problem to deal with the multiple loading problem is formulated. Next, the optimization procedure is developed based on the ground structure approach. Finally, some examples are provided to confirm the optimization method proposed here.
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Kazuhiro AOYAMA, Shoji TAKECHI, Yuji KADO, Satoru NISHIMOTO
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0116
Published: August 22, 2001
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This paper proposes the concept of design process model and its management. A design process is corresponded to an activity of generating product information, so a design process model is defined as adding product information to the 'product model'. The trace of making network of 'product model' in top-down oriented design style is converted to the design process flow. And the design processes are managed by difference network. A prototype system is implemented based on the proposed concept. And some examples are shown which are applied to a concept design of HPV (Human Powered Vehicle) and a satellite. In these examples, all design process is recorded, so the trial-and-error design activities are realized and the best selection of plural option of design plans is readily achievable.
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Kazuhiro AOYAMA, Shoji TAKECHI, Yuji KADO, Takahiro IGUCHI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0117
Published: August 22, 2001
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The decisions in the initial design stage make large impact upon all life cycle of product more than the other stages. The concept of FOA (First Order Analysis) is proposed for the initial design stage, and the framework of connecting 'design' and 'analysis' is essential to achieve FOA. On the top of that, three important factors of the initial design supporting system, that is to say simple, flexible and gradual, are listed up in this report. Then a initial design supporting system based on authors' developing 'Top-Down Oriented Design Support System' are implemented. This initial design supporting system embodies the proposed FOA framework, and some exmaple of applying to the initial design of Human Powered Boat are shown.
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Kazuhiro AOYAMA, Shoji TAKECHI, Masahiro TAKEMURA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0122
Published: August 22, 2001
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For design-support systems, the key framework is proposed to be available in various design phases in this paper. The framework is 'top-down' style from the rough design stages to the detailed design stages, and is called as 'Top-down Oriented Information Model'. This model is composed of four information model elements, 'entity', 'attribute', 'relationship', and 'constraint'. This top-down framework supports the design activities in the original meaning, because it enables us to define and handle product information with free and easy. Then the design support system is implemented based on the top-down framework. Some examples are shown that applies to initial design of the satellite.
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Koichi OHTOMI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0123
Published: August 22, 2001
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The early planning process is very important for developing of customer-oriented products of good quality at low cost and in the shortest possible time. The MP3 is the strong design tool for realizing early planning.
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Satoshi Miyata, Keiji Kudo
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0124
Published: August 22, 2001
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In early design stages there is big room of design changing, however, there is not enough information about the product being considered. While in latter deign stage, although designer could get more information about the product, room of design change would be limited. CAE-based evaluation system would be one of solutions to such kind of problems. However, to apply CAE into such kind of system, quick turn-around time is necessary because it is not so usual that user could spend much time for design consideration in this stage. Also, methodology of making up for lack of product information is necessary. This paper shows a trial of such kind of CAE-based evaluation system with computer aided optimization software iSIGHT.
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Junichi MATSUOKA, Takashi UCHINO, Haruo SAKAMOTO, Toshifumi ASAI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0125
Published: August 22, 2001
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We developed to make new permanent magnet type wind power generator obtained by product dissection and magnetic field analysis. There is not unified design concepts of small-size generator as magnetoelectric structure. We studied by dynamic magnetic field analysis and found out some considerations about optimal design of small-size generator. One of them is relationship between magnetic flux density and specific magnetic permeability of coil core. We recognized that it is important to select the material and to design the size and shape of coil core.
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Yasutaka TSUJI, Takanori KIYOTA, Eiji KONDO
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0126
Published: August 22, 2001
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Many real-world problems, including the design problem, involve multiple and often conflicting objectives. Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) is an effective method to solve such multiobjective optimization problems. The application of EAs in multiobjective optimization is normally called Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization (EMO). In the engineering design, the designer usually has some information and knowledge based on his/her experience. This paper describes a new method for multiobjective optimization problems using Genetic Algorithm (GA), which can integrate designer's vague preferences into GA search. In the proposed GA, in order to obtain a group of Pareto-optimal solutions in which the designer is interested, a new strategy based on tournament selection is proposed. Through a simple numerical example, we show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Jiankang JIANG, Yoshiro IWAI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0127
Published: August 22, 2001
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Over a specified range of speed the problem of minimizing residual vibration is formulated as the functional limiting value problem with constraints. This method makes the residual vibration at the end of the rise of a DRD cam motion minimize over a specified range of rise times.
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Shinya SASAKI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0201
Published: August 22, 2001
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This paper describes an evaluation method for the adhesiveness of hard and thin coatings by using nano-scratch testing. Nano-scratch tests were carried out by employing a nano-indentation system using the Berkovich indenter-tip and the PVD-TiN coatings. We tried to measure the contact stiffness and the lateral force continuously with the controlled load and displacement of the indenter. Experimental results showed that the scratch direction caused the different peeling off behavior of the TiN coatings. The continuous stiffness data, however, gave us enough quality to analyze the contact conditions. Technical problems were discussed to evaluate the adhesiveness of thin and hard coatings.
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kazuto OHASHI, Hatsuhiko USAMI, Junji SUGISHITA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0202
Published: August 22, 2001
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Sigetaka OTSUBO, Tomomi HONDA, Yoshiro IWAI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0203
Published: August 22, 2001
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To clarify the wear mechanism more accurately, it is the most effective to observe the moment when wear has just caused. In-situ observation methods with SEM and CCD camerais were reported as a typical try. However, it is an observation only in front of the pin test specimen. Moreover, if the counterface is made of a transparent material, the combination of the test specimen subjects to considerable restriction. In this study, we constructed a new in-situ observation system with CCD camera and micro-flash named the Live Observation System (LOS). This system enables to visualize the change of the worn surface every slide. We tried to estimate the volume loss from the width of wear track obtained by this system. As a result, we can know the change of wear process every slide and the volume loss without stopping wear test.
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Tomoaki IWAI, Yoshitaka UCHIYAMA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0204
Published: August 22, 2001
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The friction and wear behaviors of a pattern abrasion of rubber during sliding were studied. A rotating rubber wheel made from unfilled isoprene rubber was rubbed against a plano-convex cylindrical lens and variations of friction and wear were monitored. Distribution maps of the coefficient of friction, wear depth and surface profile along the circumference of rubber specimen were obtained by using a synchronous signal with the rotation. The coefficient of friction decreased in increasing the number of revolutions and became fluctuated. Since the wear depth was measured using the differential transformer as the displacement of the rubber surface under contact, fluctuations in the wear depth at the steady state were smaller than the surface profile observed by the non-contact surface profile meter. Many stripes representing small cracks or ridges were observed in the distribution maps of surface profile at the initial state of rubbing. They kept on existing until the steady state of rubbing. Cracks or small ridges which were to become large ridges were defined at the initial state, however a number of small cracks were formed on the rubber surface.
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Kazuhisa HOSOYA, Akira IWABUCHI, Tomoharu SHIMIZU, Kuniaki ABE
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0205
Published: August 22, 2001
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Zirconium alloy is used as fuel lod in unclear plant. It is a corrosion-resistant alloy. But wear property of zirconium alloy isn't investigated enough in dynamic corrosive environment. In this work, therefore, wear test of zirconium alloy was carried out and corrosive wear property was investigated with changing load and anode/cathode area ratio. Wear test of zirconium alloy, sliding against alumina, was carried out in pure water and Na_2SO_4 solution. Potential drop, ΔE, of zirconium alloy during wear test increased with load and wear volume was proportional to load. Then electrochemical wear was about 15%, and the mechanical wear was predominant in this case. Electrochemical wear increased as area ratio decreased.
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Tatsuhiro JIBIKI, Etsuro SHIMIZU, Masayuki SHIMA, Hideki AKITA, Kazuyo ...
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0206
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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The friction noise caused by micro vibration such as fretting often takes place in machine element, and preventing or reducing such a noise is important for designers or operators. In this study, the system, which is able to measure and analyse the friction noise under the fretting condition has developed, and the generation of friction noise under the non-lubricated fretting was investigated in air. In addition to the experiment, the vibration analysis was performed by using the model of unity-degree-of-freedom-system which has mass and spring. The results are as follows. 1) The trigger action such the sudden reduction of the coefficient of friction is necessary for the generation of friction noise. 2) The sound level of friction, which means the amplitude of vibration, increases with increasing the sliding velocity. 3) The fretting frequency does not influence on the frequency of vibration which is always 1400Hz in this study. These three tendencies are the same between the results of experiment and that of the vibration analysis.
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Akira NAKAMURA, Yoshiro IWAI, Tomomi HONDA, Toshio ISHIKURA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0207
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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In order to predict the failure of rubbing surfaces through monitoring of wear particles in lubricating oil, an on-line particle image processing and analyzing system was developed using a CCD camera. This technique has been used in the sliding wear tests of white metal (WJ2) against a carbon steel counterface. The shape characteristics of wear particles are distinguished by the relationship between the aspect ratio and roundness parameter. An increrase of the wear particles with aspect ratio and roundness of 1.25 is related to promoting local welding wear. It is found that the on-line image analysis of wear particles in predicting wear modes of rubbing surfaces.
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Takahisa KAWAGUCHI, Jujiro KAGAMI, Tetsuzo HATAZAWA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0208
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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It is difficult to detect the real contact area with lateral size of less than several μm by existing methods. In this study, using a principle of transfer between sputtered films coated on both of contact surfaces, detecting and measuring micro-contacts between a rough steel ball surface and a smooth glass flat were carried out. By the measurements, distribution of micro-contacts was obtained and the technique was also found to be a very useful method for measurement of micro-contacts with high accuracy. Some FEM analyses were carried out to examine the experimental results.
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Takatoshi UMENO, Hidehiko HIGAKI, Hironobu NISITANI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0209
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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In a recent study concerning the sliding test between sphere (SUJ2) and plane (S45C) under dry codition, it has been confirmed that the relative displacement is observed before the maximum friction and the static friction is smaller than the kinematic friction. In this study, the sliding tests were carried out under the same condition using the test pieces with different surface roughness. As the result, it has been made clear that i) the change of roughness hardly influences on the characteristics of the friction force-relative displacement curve, ii) Reflecting the fact that friction force is determained by the state of surface texture, the static friction between buffed sphere and papered plane or between papered sphere and buffed plane is larger than the one between buffed sphere and buffed plane, iii) The maximum friction between buffed sphere and papered plane or between papered sphere and buffed plane are larger than the one between the buffed sphere and buffed plane. However, kinematic friction is not significantly affected by the conbination of surface roughnesses.
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Hozumi GOTO, Kenji UCHIJO
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0210
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Pin-on-disk type wear experiments for Al-Si alloy-graphite composite in contact with bearing steel were conducted in various gas environments, to investigate the effects of surface films on wear of the composites. In the early stage of the wear curve, the pin-lifting phenomena that indicate the negative wear were observed. The surface films on disk sliding surface were also formed in the early stage. The wide, compacted films consisting of the mixtures of graphite powder and wear particles of the Al-Si alloy prevent metal-to-metal contact and act as a unti-wear material.
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Tetsuya SENDA, Noriyuki KOTANI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0211
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Wear mechanisms of ceramics are discussed based on the microstructural observations of the wear surface by electron microscopy. From room temperature to 600℃, little sign of deformation, such as dislocations and twins, was observed in the sliding wear surface of alumina. Above 800℃, extensive dislocations and twins were observed beneath the very fine grain size layer of the surface. This microstructure suggests that plastic deformation associated with dynamic recrystallization occurs during the high-temperature sliding which prevents brittle microfracture, thus resulting in a low wear rate. For the erosion surface of alumina, dislocations were consistently observed in the surface both at room and high temperatures. The dislocation density increased with increasing temperature, and therefore the erosion rate increased by dislocation-induced microfracture at grain boundaries.
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Hiroki KANIE, Hatuhiko USAMI, Junji SUGISITA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0212
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Tomomi HONDA, Akihiro SHINOZUKA, Yoshiro IWAI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0213
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Scratch tests have been performed on three Alumina ceramics under steadily increasing normal loads up to 200 N. The scratches were made with a Rockwell C diamond indenter. The material's response was investigated by measuring the fluctuations in the tangential force and A.E. signal during scratching and also by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the scratches. The materials responded very differently to scratching; one exhibited both plastic and brittle behaviour and the other didn't exhibit plastic behaviour. The fracture behavior was correlated with initial surface roughness and the grain size of ceramics, and the differential of fracture behavior might be explained Sc and Sc^* parameters which are defined as the severity of contact.
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Masayuki SHIMA, Tatsuhiro JIBIKI, Takashi SUGAWARA, Jiro OKADO, Tomohi ...
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0214
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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A new apparatus for measuring elastic modulus is developed, which quickly estimates it by measuring the relative normal approach between a flat and a sphere as a function of a normal load during the indentation. Then the elastic modulus of the flat or the sphere specimen can be calculated using the Hertzian theory. The apparatus has the following advantages to estimate the elastic modulus: the specimen used is only a small disk which can be easily made, and the test can be made as quickly as hardness test.
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Tomohiro MOTODA, Masayuki SHIMA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0215
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Author et al. presented a simple and quick method for measuring elastic modulus by utilizing Hertzian contact theory. In order to measure the elastic modulus accurately the effect of surface roughness on relative normal approach between the contacting bodies must be comprehended, so is examined by numerical analysis. The result shows that the influence of surface roughness on Hertzian contact deformation decreases with decreasing equivalent elastic modulus and with increasing normal load and with increasing the hardness of the contacting bodies. Based on the analysis a simple equation which gives the extent of surface finish necessary to conduct the measurement of elastic modulus accurately, is presented.
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Takahiro SHIMIZU, Shizuo ISHIZUKA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0216
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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This research deals with the influence of the surface roughness on the friction properties. This paper is examined on the effects of various factors on the relationship between the indented depth and the friction coefficient. The friction mechanism between the hard hemispherical projection of the radius of curvature r modeled on the asperity of a hard material surface and the soft surface has been theoretically analyzed taking into consideration with the frictional resistance caused by the ploughing and shearing term. The results of numerical examples based on theoretical analysis can be expressed as follows. The friction coefficient for the smooth soft surface is increased with the increase of a contact angle that obtains from the radius of curvature and an indented depth of the hemispherical projection. Friction coefficient for a soft surface with the asperities periodically fluctuates with the increase of an indented depth and the friction coefficient between the hard projection and the smooth soft surface has a converging tendency.
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Isami NITTA, Akihiro KANNO, Tomonari HOSAKA, Michiya OKAMOTO, Kimio KO ...
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0217
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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An ultra-precision method of joining optical lenses in a cell has been developed by using a shrink fitter, which is made of plastics. This method gives contact pressure to the shrink fitter inserted between the optical lenses and the cell in various environmental temperature. Therefore, the contact pressure of the shrink fitted assembly decreased with time because of stress relaxation of the shrink fitter. Consequently, the assembly loosened and the radii of curvature of the lenses changed. We examined the effect of stress relaxation of the shrink fitter on its mounting performance and optical performance for lenses theoretically and experimentally.
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Shigetaka Oshima, Shigeka YOSHIMOTO, Shinsuke DANBARA, Toshimitu SHIDA ...
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0218
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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This paper describes the characteristics of water-lubricated conical bearings for high-speed spindles. The bearings are intended to apply to spindles for drilling small holes of printed circuit boards. Pressurized water is first fed to the inside of the rotating shaft and supplied to spiral grooves on the shaft surface through feeding holes. Therefore, water pressure is greatly increased at the outlets of feeding holes due to the centrifugal force by shaft rotation. Furthermore, water pressure also increases by viscous pump effect of spiral grooves. The static characteristics and the threshold of instability are theoretically predicted and calculated results are compared with experimental ones. It was found that the proposed conical bearings have excellent stability at high speeds.
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Tetsuo SHIOTA, Atsunobu MORI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0219
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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Recently, it's recognized as a common knowledge that natural resources are exhaustible. From viewpoint of consuming limited resources, it is expected for cogeneration system to supply heat and electric power. This system keeps the possibility that CO_2 emission can be reduced. Though the majority of the working system is occupied with the large-scale system, introduction of a small-scale system is begun, so that high-performance and maintenance-free micro gas turbine generators (30-100[kW] class) are expected in it. In this study, the author conducts research and development of self-acting gas bearing, in which a multilayered foil bearing is roposal.
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Kazunori ICHIMARU, Takehiro MORITA, Hiroyoshi TANAKA, Kazuhiko MAEKAWA
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0220
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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A numerical method was developed for the analysis of contact stresses and oil-film-behavior under unsteady mixed EHL condition. The state of each meshing point in the calculation region is divided into three conditions, i.e., hydrodynamic, directly contacted and cavitated. In order to modify the pressure distribution by relaxation method, Reynolds equation and others which have been used in EHL analysis are applied to hydrodynamic region, while an elastic equation expressing that the gap should be zero is applied to the direct contact region. In the cavitation region, the transportation equation of oil quantity is applied and the transition from cavitation region to hydrodynamic region can be decided from the condition whether the oil mass quantity fills the gap or not. Some results which were obtained with application of this method are shown, such as transient mixed EHL for rolling contact of rough surfaces and oil-film-behavior between piston ring and cylinder liner.
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Yasuhisa HATTORI
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0222
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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In this report, frequency response of the paper-based wet friction material subjected to harmonic compressive load is expressed by a viscoelastic analysis based on the two dimensional theory of poroelasticity. The present model successfully accounted for the experimental results for various conditions with changing the geometry of paper-based friction material and the viscosity of lubricant qualitatively. Moreover, a mechanism of the dynamic response of such materials was discussed, which is strongly related to the flow of fluid inside.
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Takashi Nakamura, Tomio Matsubara, Fumihiro Itoigawa, Takashi Nakamura
Article type: Article
Session ID: F-0223
Published: August 22, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2017
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The purpose of this study is to develop a tribo-sheet that provides many industrial uses. The tribo-sheet has embossed small processes on the surface, and elastic deformation of the embossed processes generates a fluid flow wedge that can reduce friction loss. Experimental results show that the coefficient of friction of the tribo-sheet reduces to about 0.01. The oil film pressure in estimated by a Soft-EHL analysis. Calculated results show that the profile of the embossed process enormously effects on the oil film pressure generation.
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