Japanese Journal of Water Treatment Biology

Behavior of off-flavour Compounds in the Raw Water of Lake Biwa and Its Treatment

T. NEGORO, M. NISHIKAWA, J. OKAYAMA, M. ANDO

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 7-11
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.7

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A few, off-flavour problems are occurring every year conceming the water supply system of Kyoto City, Japan. In our research three species of filamentous blue-green algae have been identified as playing important roles in producing geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) in Lake Biwa. These odorous compounds were found being stored in trichomes mainly, so the majority of those compounds can be removed from water during rapid sand filtration. In our water supply system, water purification has been executed based on the above pri nciple and we are obtaining favorable for removing those off-flavour troubles.

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Relationship between Pore Size Distributions of Activated Carbons and Musty Odor Compounds, 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin

Norio SUGIURA, Yoshihiro KANI, Yuhei INAMORI, Ryuichi SUDO

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 13-19
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.13

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Adsorption characteristics of musty odorous compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin by activated carbons were determined. All of three carbons, charcoal activated carbon (WAC), palm activated carbon (YAC) and coal activated carbon (CAC) exhibited superior adsorption capacity of over 80 90% removal for the two odorous compounds during 2 hours. In the experiment with the adsorba bility of 2-methylisoborneol, the following result was obtained.: WAC>YAC>CAC. In the case of geosmin, the adsorbability was as follows. WAC>CAC>YAC. The carbon of WAC had the most efficient adsorbability of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin in all the carbons, while YAC was more effective for the adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol than CAC. It was found that the adsorbabilities of the carbons for the two musty odorous compounds were closely correlated with the pore volume distribution with less than 30Å of pore radius.

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Artificial cultivation and growth characteristics of Anabaena macrospora MYK87X isolated from Murayama-kami Reservoir, Tokyo

Mitsugu HOSAKA

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 21-31
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.21

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Anabaena macrosporaMYK87X, a strain ofAnabaena macrospora, was isolated from Murayamakami Reservoir, and brought into uni-algal cuture by micropipette washings. This strain was identified as A.macrosporavar. robustaLEMMERMANN on the basis of its morphorogy, as same asA.macrosporareported from Lake Biwa, but not the geosmin producer. 1/5BG-11, a fivefold dilution of BG-11, was regarded as the most suitable culture medium forA.macrosporaMYK87X. On the other hand, this oranism achieved the most dense population in TWES, a filtered tapwater fertilized by the addition of ES enrichment, but the color of the organism became yellowish as the result of decrease in phycocyanine contents. Rotary agitation gave over a ninefold multiplication in contrast with the culture without agitation.A.macrosporaMYK87X showed the most dense biomass in 25°C, though the length of trichomes became longer in higher temperature. On the contrary, the differentiation frequency of heterocysts and akinetes were higher in lower temperature.A.macrosporaMYK87X showed the most rapid growth rate under 4, 000 lx in the initial stage, though the growth was suppressed and inhibited thereafter. The most stable and maximum growth ofA.macrosporaMYK87X was observed under 1, 000 lx.The lower limit of illumination for the growth of the stain was estimated to be 230 lx by a good linear correlation between the logairthms of illumination and the initial growth rates.
The essential requirement for iron was also suggested in this strain. Finally, the availability of extinction at 750 nm as the alternative indicator of growth yields was demonstrated.

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IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUOUS CULTURE OF FILAMENTOUS DIATOM IN SLOW SAND FILTER

Nobutada NAKAMOTO, Masashi SAKAI

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 33-38
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.33

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Role of filamentous alga ofMelosira varians which grows on the sand bed in slow sand filter is described and the lack of understanding of its continuous culture is discussed. Algal mat of filamentous algae is lifted by bubbles of oxygen produced by photosynthesis and the floating mat drains away through the over flow pipes together with adhering grains from the inflow water. Slow sand filter is an optimum environment for a continuous culture system of filamentous algae. The importance of the water level control of slow sand filter to drain the floating algal mat through the overflow pipe is discussed.

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Effect of Xonotlite on Activated Sludge Immobilization

Susumu HASHIMOTO, Keisuke IWAHORI

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 39-45
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.39

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Experimental investigations were carried out on the immobilization effect of activated sludge in case of supplying Xonotlite continuously to the aeration basin, which was calcium silicate hydrate.
Initial diameters of activated sludge floc were about 30-100μm. But, the floc diameters of activated sludge were about 500-1000μm after 3 weeks, increasing gradually during the experimental period. It was shown obviously that Xonotlite was to act as the bridge-building material and to promote the binding immobilization of activated sludge from microscopic observation.
The accumulated amount of Xonotlite in activated sludge was derived from the mass balance in aeration basin. It was suggested that set values of both sludge retention time and influent Xonotlite were very important, applying its formula to the experimental results.
Moreover, it was considered that theoretical and experimental investigations on the influent inorganic matter affecting to activated sludge were significant problems in future.

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Studies on Effective Utilization of Pak-bung

Pak-bung Peroxidase Properties

Kenji FURUKAWA, Susumu HASHIMOTO

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 47-52
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.47

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[in Japanese]

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Peroxidase Activity of Pak-bung Plant Cell Culture

Kenji FURUKAWA, Susumu HASHIMOTO

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 53-57
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.53

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[in Japanese]

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Specificity of the DNA Probe for Detection of Phenol-Degrading Bacteria in Wastewater Treatment Process

Masanori FUJITA, Michihiko IKE, Hiroshi OKADA, Kazuhiro MORI

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 59-65
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.59

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Studies on Treatment Capability of Open Water Channel using Porous Concrete

Kenji FURUKAWA, Masayo NAKAGAWA, Masanori FUJITA, Motoharu TAMAI

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 67-75
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.67

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The pilot plant tests for assessing the application possibility of water channel packing porous concrete to direct purification of polluted river water were conducted. Hence porous concrete provided enough avilable attached area for algae, which was an useful biooxygenproducer, synthetic pollutted river water less than 20mg-TOC/L were sucessfully treated in water channel without deficiency of dissolved oxygen. About 70% of TOC removal was possible under volumetric TOC loading rate below 80 mg/L/day and effluent TOC concentration less than 3 to 4 mg/L could be obtained under volumetric TOE loading rate below 30mg/L/day. Nitrification did not occur in water channel, sothat only 20% of nitrogen was removed. But about 50% of phosphrous was removed by the dissolution of calcium component from porous concrete. Through the SS trapping function of porous concrete, treatment capability of water channel increased tremendously, and the observed sludge yield decreased apparently by the increase of sludge retention time. In water channel packed with porous concrete, filamentous microorganism, such as Geotrichum sp. and Beggiatoasp., andRotariasp., Diplogastersp. andParamecium caudatumwere dominated in the sludge.

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Improvement of Eutrophicated Lake Water by Biological Treatment

Norio SUGIURA, Yuhei INAMORI, Ryuichi SUDO

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 77-82
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.77

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Removal characteristics various water Parameters of Lake Kasumigaura, which was very eutrophicated, were determined by biological oxidation treatment (biologicaltreatment packed with honey comb tube) during the period from 1985 to 1988.
Turbidity, odor, total-algae, blue green algaMicroysriscould be effectively removed and average removal of the parameters was over 60% during the investigated periods. There was a reverse correlation between the number of smaller animals in the bio-film and water temperature, while the numbers were closely correlated with the removal of turbidity.

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A rapid method for identifiction of Eschrichia coli in water from river

II Simplification of the rapid method for identification

Setsuko KITAHARA, Tomoko BITO

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 83-88
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.83

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A Study of the Immobilization of Nitrifiers

Haruki MYOGA, Hideyuki ASANO, Munemitu ASANO, Mamoru TOYAO

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 89-94
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.89

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Nitrate/Nitrite Ammonifying Bacteria and Denitrifying Bacteria Isolated from Various Aquatic Environments

Jun-ichi TAKEUCHI, Masako TAKEUCHI

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 95-105
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.95

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Nitrate is of significance in aquatic environments, being a possible substrate both for dissimilatory ammonification and denitrification. In this report, amain attention has been focused on the endproducts of nitrare/nitrite dissimilation by bacterial isolates from river water and sewage related samples.50-60% of the isolates accumulated NO_2-from NO_3-; i.e, nitrate-reducing bacteria predominated in raw sewage and polluted river watersamples.4-26% of the isolates produced N₂gasfrom NO_3-; i. e., denitrifying bacteria predominatedin settling sewge which was contaminated by activated sludge.2-4% of the isolates produced N₂ gas from NO_2-, but not from NO_3-; i.e., the NO_2-depending denitrifiers. About 5 times larger numbers of denitrifying bacteria were detected by using Nitrate broth than by using Giltay broth. Thisresult is considered to be an evidence that the Nitrate broth supports the growth of wide variety ofdenitrifying species of bacteria. Most of the denitrifying isolates were belong to the genera Pseudomonasand A Icaligenes.The ammonifying groups of bacteria were the following fermentators: A eromonas, Klebsiella, EscherichiaandVibrio-like. Afew of theAeromonasisolates could produced gas both in the Nitrate broth and the OF test ager.

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Distribution of Enterococci as an Indicaror of Water Pollution

Izumi KOUJIMA

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 107-110
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.107

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Incidence of enterococci in water was examinedby the membrane filter technique with AC agarmedium. One hundred strains were isolated from 10 water samples and subjected to species identification. Of 100 isolated strains, 57 strains (57.0%) wereE.faecium, 33 strains (33.0%) wereE.faecalisand 4 strains (4.0%) wereE. durans.Among the isolatedE.faecalis, 23 strains peptonized litmus milk and no strain hydrolyzed starch. The milk casein peptonizingE.faecaliswas isolated from human feces at the ratio of 20.3% of total isolated enterococci. The organism, which has been reported to be derived from insects, is suggested to beassociated with feces of humans and animal

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Effects of Physicochemical Factors on Graze and Decomposition of Blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosaby Mastigophora, Monas guttula

Norio SUGIURA, Yuhei INAMORI, Ryuichi SUDO, Yasushi MIYOSHI

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 111-116
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.111

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Effects of physicochemical factors on graze and decomposition ofMicrocystis aeruginosa by Mastigophora, Monas guttulawere determined under bath culture condition. In consideration of a stable pH value and a lower inhibition for the growth ofM.guttula, the concentration of 1/750M phosphate buffer solution was favorable for pH adjustment of the culture broth. M.guttula could effectively graze and decompose the cells ofM.aeruginosa in a widerange of pH 6.0-9.0. Optimum pH value and temperature for the removal ofM.aeruginosawere neutral pH 7.0 and 30.2°C, respectively. Activation energy forM.guttulafrom Arrhenius equation was found to be low, the value of which was 8300 cal/mole. It was found that conditions of akaline pH 8.0-8.5 and temperature of 20-25°C in the water of Lake Kasumigaura in autumn season were favorable for the graze and decomposition ofM.aeruginosaby M.guttula.

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Degradation of TOC remained in Dyeing Wastewater by Nonionic Surfactant-Degrading Bacteria

Shuichi MAEDA

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 117-121
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.117

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Diatom Vegetation of River Amano, which is rich in Lime, Shiga Prefecture, Japan

Ken-ichiro NEGORO, Minoru GOTO, Hitomi NARUMIYA

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 123-129
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.123

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The River Amano (Amano-gawa), located in the eastern side of Lake Biwa, is about 20 km in its total length along the axis. It takes its source from two limestone-mountains, Ryozen (1084 m above the sea) and Ibuki (1377m above the sea), and flows into Lake Biwa. Its water is rich in lime (Ca 30-43mg/1), alkaline (pH 8.1-8.4), and has the pretty high electric conductivity (180-254 μs/cm) .
The diatom flora of the River Amano is composed of 54 forms belonging to 20 genera and the diatom communities at five selected stations of the river are as mentioned below;
St. 1Diatoms vulgarevar.products-Cymbella turgidulavar, nipponica-Gomphonema quadripuctatum-Association
St.2*Cyclotella socialis-Fragilaria construens var, binodis-Cymbella leptoceros-Association
St.3Diatoms vutgarevar.products-Navicula capitatoradiata-Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta-Association
St.4Navicula capitatoradiata-Cymbella turgidula var. nipponica-Diatoma vulgare var. producta-Association
St. 5Cocconeis placentula var.euglypta-Nitzschia pales-Diatoms vulgare var. products- Association
(*Station 2 is a spring and its flow near the proper cource of the river)

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The Hydrobiological Studies of Lake Matubara Groop

Teruo OTIAI

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 131-137
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.131

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Morphological variation of Synedra rumpens Kuetz. var. fragilarioides Grun.

Hiroshi FUKUSHIMA, Tsuyako KO-BAYASHI, Mika KURIHARA, Harue OHTSUKA

1991 Volume 27 Issue 1 Pages 139-162
Published: June 03, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.27.139

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