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Volume 29 (1993)
- Issue 2 Pages 1-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 29, Issue 2
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Takuya OKUBO, Masaaki HOSOMI, Mitsumasa OKADA, Akihiko MURAKAMI1993 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 1-11
Published: January 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of pollution load of suspended solids (SS) in gray water, e.g. SS derived from kitchen works, clothes washing, bathing, etc., on water quality in enclosed water body are not well known. Aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of anaerobic and aerobic decomposition of comminuted kitchen wastes which are considered major part of SS in gray water. Fishes, vegetables, tea leaves and apples were comminuted, and degradation rates of SS and release rates of DOC, D-N, D-P from SS were measured. Boiled rice and rice bran were also used as SS of kitchen wastes. Decomposition process of these SS was expressed by first order kinetics considering nondegradable fraction of SS. Nondegradable fraction ratio of SS was 10-20% for cabbage, 50% for fishes under anaerobic condition. Nondegradable fraction ratio under aerobic condition were smaller than those under anaerobic condition. Degradation rate constants of SS under aerobic condition were slightly larger than those under anaerobic condition. Release of DOC, D-N, D-P with decomposition of SS under anaerobic condition was remarkable comparing to aerobic condition.View full abstractDownload PDF (1063K) -
Masanori Fujita, Yasunori Kawagoshi, Susumu Hashimoto1993 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 13-19
Published: January 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCultivation conditions ofPseudomonas vesicularisvar.povalolyticus PH, a PVA degrading bacteria, were investigated in order to study its application to waste water treatment. The optimum pH and temperature for both growth and PVA degradation of PH strain were determined to be 7.0-7.5 and 30-35°C respectively. However, effective PVA degradation was also observed at 37.5°C. PH strain grew well in proportion to the PVA concentration within 500-2000mg/l range. PH strain was also able to utilize glucose, pyruvic acid, fructoligosaccharide, and glutamic acid as sole carbon sources. Particulaly, high PVA degrading activity was shown when grown on glutamic acid, pyruvic acid or complex media. Magnesium or calcium was the key mineral for the growth of PH strain. Especially Magnesium had high ability to promote good growth. If symbiotic bacteria coexisted with PH strain, it could grow on PVA without any growth factors.View full abstractDownload PDF (692K) -
Phase Anaerobic DigestionKeisuke IWAHORI, Naoto MASUDA, Masanori FUJITA1993 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 21-30
Published: January 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFeasibility of methane recovery from household refuse using two-phase anaerobic digestion was simulated by kinetic models. It was presumed that the household refuse of 440 g percapita was discharged every day at a residential section of a town and that it consisted of 80-90%of garbage and paper. Refuse leachate of about 1.61 m3was calculated to be squeezed every day for every 1000 houses, supposing 3.3 persons per house. It was suggested that the methane gas could be generated up to about 90% of the theoretical value by simulation of two-phase anaerobic digestion using the above-mentioned refuse leachate and the designed facilities. Moreover, it was shown in conformity to the heat balance that 55.6%of the generated methane gas could be used as the additional energy source at 28°C of atmospheric temperature, but that the generated methane gas was not sufficient for warming up thetanks below 19.2°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (911K) -
Harumi TAKAGI, Mutsuo OKAMOTO1993 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 31-39
Published: January 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA great number of large-sized chironomid adults, Chironomus plumosus and Tokuna-gayusurika akamusi, have emerged in the south basin of Lake Biwa since the 1970s.
Emergence period, annual changes, distribution, sex ratio and flight distance of chironomid adults, C.plumosus and T.akamusi, were investigated from 1977 to 1992.
The former emerged twice a year: in spring, from the middle of March to April, and in autumn, from the middle of September to October.The latter emerged once a year: in the late autumn, from the beginning of November to December.
Recently the amount of C.plumosus adults has decreased at any parts, compared with the amount in 1981 and 1982.
In 1981 a lot of T.akamusi adults were observed at the southern and middle parts. Lately they have decreased in the southern parts. However, there has been a tendency for them to increase in the middle and northern parts. They have been largely found in the middle parts of the east and west coasts.
The sex ratio (male/female) of C. plumosus which emerged in spring and T.akamusi changed from more than 1.0 to less than 1.0 at the peak of their emergence periods.
Over 500m away from the coast, T.akamusi has decreased drastically, while C.plumosus has gradually decreased around 2100m away from the coast.View full abstractDownload PDF (816K) -
Zafar Iqbal Bhatti, Kenji Furukawa, Masanori Fujita1993 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 41-49
Published: January 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExtracellular or surface polymers play a major role as a matrix keeping the cells together and mediating the adhesion of bacteria in natural or man-made eco-systems. It is presumptive that the bacterial aggregation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors is brought about in the form of granules by the combination of extracellular polymeric material and inorganic ash. The extracellular polymeric material in the granules of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor was extracted by the autoclaving technique and qualitative changes in the granules before and after autoclaving were investigated with the help of scanning electron microscopy. Autoclaving for thirty, sixty and ninety minutes intervals was carried out and the effect of autoclaving time on the extraction of extracellular polymeric material was also studied. Most of the extracellular polymeric material could be extracted at 30 min autoclaving time without significant damage to the bacterial cells. 90 min of autoclaving resulted in the release of slightly more extracellular material but caused damage to the cells. 30 min autoclaving time seems to be suitable for the extraction of extracellular polymeric material from the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket granular sludges.View full abstractDownload PDF (11702K) -
Zafar Iqbal BHATTI, Yousaf SALEEM, Khadim Hussain ZIAI1993 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 51-59
Published: January 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDeveloping countries are facing a major challenge in protecting their public health due to the degradation of water and land resources being caused by water pollution. In Pakistan, lack of (a) proper planning, (b) sincerity and motivation, (c) enforcement of water quality standards, (d) environmental awareness in public, and (e) decision making is resulting in serious deterioration of water and land resources. Industrial and municipal wastewaters are usually disposed of without treatment to the nearest available receiving water bodies. The available statistics show that less than 1% of the highly polluting industries in the province of Punjab have satisfactorily operating treatment plants. The figures of other three provinces are much the same or even worse. However, the industries or the municipalities are not to be blamed alone. Environmental advocation, sincerity in enforcement of environmental legislation, and timely political decisions, which are primary factors in achieving environmental preservation goals, have remained disregarded in Pakistan. In addition to these, deficiency in technical skill and high capital investment have hindered the practical application of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. In view of the fact that developing countries cannot afford highly expensive and complex technology, anaerobic wastewater treatment has emerged as a viable solution for their water pollution control problems. The tropical conditions of Pakistan are very favorable for the simple, low cost, and high rate anaerobic wastewater treatment technology.View full abstractDownload PDF (971K) -
Yasushi ISERI, Zen'ichiro KAWABATA, Masahiko SASAKI1993 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 61-70
Published: January 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA boat equipped with UV lamps was developed to suppress freshwater red tide of the dinolagellate Peridinium bipes. The boat had two pipes at the center of the bottom with 20 UV lamps installed inside each pipe. The surface lake water was directed into the pipes and expelled. UV radiations for over 20 seconds were enough to kill 100% of the cells of the freshwater red tide when the concentration was less than 5.0×103 cells⋅ml-1 while over 50 seconds were required to ki11 90% of the cells when the concentration was more than 1.0×104 cells⋅ml-1. Optimal velocity of the lake water in the pipes was regulated automatically between 17 to 35 cm sec-1 depending upon the cell density ranging between 2.0×103 to 2.3×104 cells⋅ml-1 to kill over 99% of the total cells. This boat could treat a maximum of about 700m3h-1 of lake water and required 5 hours to treat 2.0×104 m2 of surface areaof lake water containing 1.0×103 to 5.0×104peridirium bipes cells ml-1. The quantity of water treated per hour was 10 times as much as the long hair filtration method which iscommonly used.View full abstractDownload PDF (2106K) -
Susumu NAKASHIMA, Isao AOYAMA, Masakazu YAGI1993 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 71-84
Published: January 20, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 07, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the mechanism of growth of musty-odor producing cyanobacteria, the effects of six chelating agents such as EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), EDTA {Diethylenetriamine-N, N, N', N'', N''-pentaacetic acid}, EDDHA {Ethylenediaminedi (ohydroxyphenylacetic acid) }, HBED {N, N'-bis (2-hydroxylbenzyl) ethylenediamine-N, N'diacetic acid}, DESF (Desferrioxamine B), BPDS (Bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate), on the growth of Oscillatoria brevis were studied using laboratory cultures.
O.brevis grew well in the presence of 1: 1Fe chelates (molar ratio of chelator to Fe) of DTPA, EDDHA and HBED as the iron sources. O. brevis was able to grow in the presence of DTPA at least up to 15-fold, EDDHA up to 16-fold and HBED up to 5-fbld for Fe (molar ratio), respectively. O. brevis also could utilize FeII (BPDS) 3 as the iron source in the presence of DTPA, EDDHA and HBED. In addition, it was capable of utilizing Fe (III) -DESF as the iron source in the presence of EDDHA and HBED.
The present studies and previous results {Nakashima and Yagi, Water Sci. Technol., 25 (2), 207 (1992) } indicate that O.brevis can utilize a wide variety of iron forms as the iron sources and more excellent ability of iron absorption compared with Oscillatoria tenuis, Anabaena macrospora and Phormidium tenue isolated from Lake Biwa.View full abstractDownload PDF (1619K)
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