In this study we surveyed and discussed on energy consumption of rural house in China from a view point of abatement options against climate change. A survey in the form of a questionnaire of energy consumption patterns in rural house in China was undertaken. Use of biomass fuel which are agricultural waste as maze and twigs and commercial fuels as coal products and LPG are surveyed as well as cooking stove types for example traditional cooking stove with “Kang”, which is a combination heat with space heating. The aim of this study is to clarify the state of energy consumption in Chinese rural house and research subject finding for it as well as contribution possibilities from collaboration works from Japan.

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Various knowledge and skills to discuss and behave as a citizen are important for citizenship. It is especially important to be capable of collecting and analyzing information, having various points of view and having a good dialogue. We found that Japanese text books for primary and secondary schools are not prepared for citizenship education. In European textbooks, we found that students are first required to read the textbook carefully and understand the content. After reading, students individually work on questions to think deeply about the topics. Finally, students discuss topics with their classmates, criticizing society and sometimes disagreeing among themselves.

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Some of the fiber optic communities in the States are taking advantage of fibers for the betterment of communities. This paper first identifies the relationship between organizations which run fiber-optic communities and the geographical distribution of those communities. There are three patterns. Among three organizations which represent two of these patterns, they differ both in deployment methods and in applications of fibers for the public purposes. The main findings include the emerging understanding of fibers as the public infrastructure, the Minnesota method as a probable model for rural fibers, and the slow development of relationship between fibers and the spatial planning.

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　The Landscape Act was enacted in 2004 and it allows for the potential of implementing planning-permission-based system for design assessment. This comparative study on the planning systems and design concepts in England and Japan discusses the following three issues: 1) conducting coordinated assessments of appearance and building height. volume. layout etc.: 2) the effectiveness of pre-application discussion for design negotiation to improve character: and 3) the importance of design education and technical support program for the improved social understanding of design.

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This study aimed two points; one is geographical identification of housing developments by Osaka branch of Housing Corporation which was states housing organization during wartime in Japan, and the other one is built environment of Toda housing estate which was developed by Osaka branch located in Amagasaki city. So far 27 housing estates were identified geographically, and by this study we could identify new 28 estates. Toda Estates had originally 87 houses which was constructed in three types. 36 houses of them have kept their original lots and they contribute keep living environment of the housing estates.

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The factors affecting the Characters of the alleys could be as follows: human-scale and safety from the traffic, variety of functions, mixture of territory. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions of living territorialization in the frontal road and open-space in each site , and to clarify the possibility of succession of the character of the alleys. The results may be summarized as follows: by changes of the physical factors such as the improvement of roads, the Characters of the alleys grow weak, but the behaviors and consciousness of inhabitant indicate the possibility of succession of the alleys.

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This study focuses on two areas, Minami Ward's Higashi-Matsunoki in Kyoto city and Saiwai Word's lode 4-chome in Kawasaki city, both of which are inhabited by the Koreans. One purpose is to clarify the local characteristics of these areas by considering the permanent residence of Koreans in Japan in terms of the improvement process of the residential environment. Another purpose is to clarify the value of forming a sustainable, multicultural local community that enables the area to be a place for intercultural exchange by considering the relationship between the residents, an NPO, and local administration, which were jointly involved in the improvement process, and to discover the system that supported the residential environment in the Higashi-Matsunoki, where the residents, NPO, and Kyoto City have worked together on residential-environment problems at the local community level.

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In recent years, compact city is promoted as a policy also in Japan. But the city keeps diffusing still and the environmental load keeps increasing. This study examines what measures are necessary in which residential zone type with district characteristics by analyzing residential zone type change paying attention to the change of the automobile fuel consumption as an index of the environmental load. It was able to be clarified that there was a difference in the increase and decrease of the automobile fuel consumption by the type of the city and the difference of the land use restriction.

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In this paper, we bring out townscape characters of the 36 post war readjustment project areas in Tokyo. As a result of field surveys, grounds of townscape characters of these areas are divided into three types; vistaed view, eye-catch view, sequential view at first. Secondary, all areas have green tunnels or corridors made by series of trees in public spaces as a townscape character. Thirdly, corner buildings, which are affected by big corner cutoff function as a figure of townscape.

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The purpose of this study is to consider the reconstruction of a relationship between suburban apartment complexes and their surrounding areas under different conditions. The following are major findings. 1) Surrounding the Kari Apartment Complex, there are many narrow, complex streets with small houses and few large green spaces and parks. 2) Many residents in the areas surrounding the Kori Apartment Complex appreciate the wooded area and find the shops in the apartment complex to be useful. In particular, the residents who live in the narrow streets or small houses often use the apartment complex outdoor environment.

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The Modern age of Japan that started from the Meiji Restoration has important meaning in the history of development of wilderness reclamation and the formation of farm villages. This study clarifies the spatial characteristics , the formation, and the transition of the development of farm villages based on document investigation and field surveys through comparative analysis of a typical case that developed in the Modern Age in Hokkaido, Tohoku and the North Kanto region. It was an especially big discovery to be able to confirm the method of development of the farm villages in the Modern Age in Hokkaido, Tohoku and the North Kanto region that had been thought to be have developed previously through a different route and that there are a lot of simultaneities and common planning principles.

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The increase of vacant houses is becoming a serious problem in preservation districts for groups of historical buildings, especially in small cities. In order to get suggestions for addressing the problem, this paper reports on the following two points through a case study of Yame-Fukushima Preservation District for groups of historical of buildings, where the advanced renovation system of vacant houses is implemented. One point is examination of what caused a building to become vacant. The other point is describing the process and the contents of the system.

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　Alvar Aalto pinned 226 housing projects, including some sketches, during his career He　alternated his space design method in every ten years under influences of philosophy and space design by his personal experiences. According to my analysis of his architecture, Aalto always designed his houses, although he designed many difference styles, as a shelter to take care of a “Commune” of a large family that he experienced in his youth.

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A survey was conducted for day nurseries in Yokohama to investigate their utilization of parks. The results are summarized as follows: most day nurseries have outdoor activities more than once a week, 66% of the parks used more than once a week are block parks, day nurseries without sufficient space in their playground use parks every day, and the needs for parks are different depending on the teaching goals. The survey implies that parks are important for day nurseries to enhance the quality of childcare, and that establishing relationship among communities and enhancing management systems are prime tasks.

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This study shows that after 2000, the “Center-Living Room” plan of detached house has become more popular than the “Center-Corridor” plan-type. It has also been appearing in larger house with “Stairs in Living Room” style in about 80% of them. Meanwhile, house with “Zashiki” are decreasing remarkably and housing without a “Tatami room” are common recently. This tendency is caused by the increasing trend for useful family space. In the opinion of residents, the “Center-Living Room” is desirable because of the progress of air-conditioning technology. Finally this study references associated planning problems of “Center-Living Room” type housing.

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Qilou, built in the 1920s and the 30s, and neighboring urban residence both make particular landscape of old Guanzhou city, China. The study clarified those residential conditions including experiences of rebuilding or restoring as well as residents' living consciousness. As the administrative authorities have already become aware of the Qilou's historic values, they made efforts to preserve the Qilou and to regenerate the Qilou district. We made a proposal of rebuilding and restoring on a small scale, in spite of several serious problems preventing residential regeneration in the district.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the social experience of living in high-rise residential buildings which have been constructed in Tokyo since 1998, by investigating the image of their dwelling space and conducting intensive interviews with their inhabitants. This research outlined the following: 1) high tower blocks are one of the popular commodities that compensate for the economic depression since the 1990s, 2) they are intrinsically connected with “image,” which proves their high value, and 3) the value of the image is based primarily on the lifestyle centered on consumption and the possibility of community formation through consumption.

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This paper utilizes a historical approach to explore the regional features and modernization process of the housing floor plans of Minka in the Kumano region of the southern Kii Peninsula. Minka in this part of the peninsula are characterized by a multi-functional space called katte, where both family life and cooking took place. The cooking hearth was located on the katte floor so that cooking could be done seated there. Over time, this hearth was gradually improved, including changes that enabled cooking to be done standing up. After the mid-1960s, as fuel resources changed, the cooking area layout was altered and modernized.

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This study examines the gender gap of vulnerability of housing, housing movement, and living environment needs in Great Hanshin Earthquake (1995). In conclusion, single mother households' needs for housing are proximity of their housing to their relatives and school for their children, compared with other family type. It is significant to maintain peoples' local environment community with a core of their housing in disaster recovery process to assist their resiliency to rebuild peoples' social and housing.

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This study focuses on grasping the present condition of the collaborative policy of housing for the elderly in local governments and discussing the directional character in local housing policy. At first, we researched the process of collaborative policies and we surveyed the housing departments and welfare departments of local governments. The results are as follows; l) Collaborative policies aren't held in many local governments. 2) It is necessary to grasp local people's needs for welfare and to share the problem. 3) It is important to extend their cooperation with variety of departments' fields in relation to community management.

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This study clarified three major points. One is the formative process of placement and spatial composition of sanatoriums for Hansen's disease. Two is the course of how the residents living in a sanatorium for Hansen's disease individually acquired their own spaces through investigation on the changes seen in the plan, the problems in the environment and the settlements for them. Three is the original plans of all houses and the process of renovation at an independent ward in a sanatorium for Hansen's disease patients, and how differences of house plans affected the process of living environment improvement.

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This study investigated the effects of providing information on house adaptation for spinocerebellar degeneration patients (n=1084). We surveyed patients using two questionnaires and visiting these patients to investigate their actual conditions. Responses from 366 patients (response rate,35.3%) were analyzed. As a result,71 % of patients' houses were already reformed. An additional 114 persons who lived in houses that had already been reformed were motivated to achieve more house adaption, and developed their plans to reform. Twenty-seven patients whose houses had not been previously reformed were motivated to begin reform. Patients expected information from care managers and reform specialists, including concrete explanations of the process and photographs of house adaption showing five patients' levels.

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This research aims to suggest the possibility that Home Sharing could be one of the lifestyle for single elderly in an aging society in Japan. We focused on ‘Inter—generational Home Sharing’ run by a NPO in the U.S.; a living arrangement which two or more unrelated people share a home. The questionnaire, interview and measurement methods were used. We clarified followings 1) the conditions of actual living activities. 2) The history of usage change of the shared housings. As a result, it is shown that living together under one roof provides a sense of security and company, though it s life style can keep their lives high individual independence each other.

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The effect on human development by the improvement of the dietary environment was investigated using analysis of the summarized records, observation of daily behavior, and a questionnaire to the staff for disabled and elderly persons in nursing homes of the group home type. The residents live in a small-mass unit which has a comfortable day-room with an open-kitchen in the center of the unit The staff cooks meals in the small-mass unit Meal time (cooking in mass-unit) was shown to be the best chance to cultivate mutual understandings in mit community aid human development.

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The front space of urban buildings is an important space for both urban life and the urban landscape, especially in densely inhabited areas located on small sites. However, much illegal land use is found in these areas, such as violation of old building property lines, over coverage of land use regulations, and planted pots in front of the site, This study aims to examine types of illegal land use and to analyze why these situations are tolerated among residents. The research areas are Senba in Osaka City and Higashiosaka City where old building property lines exist and Yao City, which is a case of a newly-developed urban detached housing complex.

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Research was conducted at ten public housing estates in the Kanto and Chubu regions, focusing on the efforts of each residents' association. We confirmed that, in small housing estates, active efforts from the stage when only a small number (less than 10 per cent) of foreign resident are present is an effective way to promote living together (Kyosei). Such good results lead to better conditions even when foreign residents become the majority. However, we also demonstrate that support from local governments. NPOs and other community associations are also necessary.

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This research aims to propose and establish methodology for the evaluation standards of existing housing stocks. By reviewing the existing evaluation standards and interview investigations in Japan, researchers presented the ideas of the coverall evaluation standard contents and items. Each item was quantified. The differences for the valuing degree for each item were extracted and compared among each player. Interview surveys and other actions concerning existing housing stocks and the valuing levels of each item were conducted with housing industry professionals such as house builders and providers in Japan, South Korea and the United States.

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This paper deals with traditional skill of Japanese carpenters. Since there is almost no research on carpenters' skills, we decided to study the joints of traditional Japanese timber joinery. The use of this system as the basis of construction resulted in highly developed and precise techniques. Since the mechanism is not solved, we provided detailed measurement information on the mechanisms of the skill. These measurements should be taken as a rationality' of traditional skill.

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The purpose of this research is to find out the effects and needs of housing improvement and to investigate the actual situation of housing improvement for the elderly, for patients who have been recently released from rehabilitation hospital, for disabled people, and for disabled children. Additionally, the role of the Long-Term Care Insurance system and subsidies provided by local government were studied. Based on these investigations, the ways to maintain the continuous housing plan and house improvement are suggested.

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This study aims to clarify the restoration process from the 1985 Mexico City Earthquake. Researchers surveyed the restoration policies and institutions of national and local governments, the popular sector's roles which were important at the time, professionals of Non-Governmental Organizations, and various roles in the process. It is concluded that the “Democratic Convention for Reconstruction of the Housing Recovery Program” contracted in 1986 among government and popular sector organizations had made the restoration process possible not to exclude the former residents, and to maintain local living culture through self-help housing methods. This cooperative relationship leads to more comprehensive community development.

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This study examines the new management system and ownership of apartments. We researched the management systems and tenure of apartments in the USA, Korea, France, the UK. As a result we made clear the following points. 1) In the USA there is some joint ownership of apartments, e.g. condominiums, PD's and co-ops, and the boards of directors have stronger power than Japanese styles. 2) In Korea, there are many condominiums that have many units and the boards of directors decide their policies. 3) In the UK, There is some joint ownership of a block of flats, commonhold, leasehold and freehold. It is possible for Japan to have some management systems and new joint ownership.

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In Japan, there is an increase in allergic diseases such as asthma, respiratory symptom. In order to clarify the association between indoor environmental factors and health problems such as allergic diseases, an epidemiological survey has been designed for 4th and 5th grade primary school students in all of Japan. This survey reveals the ratio of children allergic symptoms in Japan and the possibility of the association between adverse health effect and indoor environmental factors such as dampness in buildings.

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In this study, a basic investigation to develop a numerical simulation system to predict snow distribution on a detached house with high accuracy was conducted. Firstly, the CFD model of snow erosion and deposition had been developed by the authors who conducted their examinations by comparing the results of field measurement. The revised type k-a model which included the buoyancy effects due to density difference and the influence of snow particles on turbulent flow field was developed. Prediction accuracy of the numerical results obtained by the new model is examined by comparing with results obtained by the previous model and field measurements.

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