This work was undertaken for the purpose of studying the extraction rate during the formation of dropes. The apparatus used is shown in Figs 1 and 2.
The systems and conditions investigated are presented in Table 1.
The results are shown in Figs. 3-6.
It is considered that the resistance in the continuous phase to solute transfer and the end effects are negligible. The values of (Sh)d_p are plotted on logarithmic scales against (Re)d_p with d_N as parameter for each system. Data are represented by straight lines having the same slope of 0.96 as shown in Fig. 7.
The conclusive correlations are presented by Equation (4), where coefficient β varies slightly with d_N.

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For the purpose of studying mechanisms of drop formation along with the varieties of the mean diameters of the drops formed, benzene was injected at o velocity of 1-150cm/sec. through a nozzle (with diameters ranging as shown in Table 2) into water or other aqueous solutions with different physical properties (Table 1).
The behaviours of the jet of benzene, including drop formation, were studied and the mean diameters of the drops formed were measured by meansof photographs taken with the help of an electric flash (time, about 2×10^-4sec).
The drop-formation processes were classified into four patterns according to the change in the velocity of benzene injected, the critical points thereof being, u_j, u_k, u_s, where,
u_j stands for a velocity at which a benzene column comes into view,
u_k stands for a velocity at which a benzene column is at its maximum height,
u_s stands for a velocity at which very fine droplets come to be formed.
The first pattern covers injections at a speed lower than u_j, where drops are formed separately, the second one, injections at a speed of u_j-u_k, where drops are formed at the farther end of the benzene column owing to the laminar flow (Fig.1, d-f), the third one, injections at a speed of u_k-u_s, where the jet length decreases and is bent at its top, presumably due to the turbulent flow (Fig.1, g-i) and the fourth one, injections at a speed higher than u_s, where the jet is deformed and cut into very fine droplets. These critical points may be presented as follows:
The minimum value of d (defined in Eq. (6)) coincides with that of the theoretical diameter, proving that the jet is disintegrated in the wave length of oscillation along the column owing to the maximum instability, and that drops are formed of this disintegrated jet.

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Solubility and tie-line equilibria are observed for the system phenol-benzene-water at 25°C. Density and refractive index of the system are determined and used for the analysis of both the phases in equilibrium with each other. The experimental results are presented in Tables 2 and 3 and Fig.3. The apparatus used in the experiments is similar to the one given by Smith & Bonner (21) and is shown in Fig.1. For examining the accuracy of the experimental method, the liquid-liquid equilibria of the system acetic acid-benzene-water is determined (Table 1 and Fig. 2) and is compared with those appearing in the literature.
Several methods of tie-line correlation in the literature are examined and it is concluded that the linear correlation represented by one straight line gives, in many cases, errors in smoothing equilibrium data especially for the region of smaller solute concentration. A method is proposed and is called X-Y plot for the liquid-liquid equilibria, which relates X:x/(1 -x) with Y: y/(1-y) on the log-log paper as shown in Fig.4, where y refers to wt. fraction of solute in solvent phase and x stands for wt. fraction of solute in other phase in equilibrium with it. In this example x is wt. fraction of phenol in water phase and y is wt. fraction of phenol in benzene phase.
The present correlation method is obtained only by slightly modifying those proposed by Othmer & Tibias¹²⁾ or Major & Swenson¹¹⁾, but it gives a straight line with an incline of 45 degrees for the region for smaller values of X and Y, as is indicated in Figs.4 and 5. The authors X-Y plot is compared with that of Othmer & Tibias for the two systems, in Fig.6, from which it is clear that the former holds better than the latter for smaller solute concentrations.
Equilibrium data indicated as Philip & Clark's¹⁵⁾in Fig.4 are derived from their original distribution data of volume base by using our density data for the system and are found to be in good agreement with our equilibrium data.

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