Flow-rate u₀[cm/sec] of the liquid from the end of a horizontal pipe (Fig. 1) can be calculated by measuring the distance x[cm] at the given level S[cm].
(4)
The experimental results obtained from water stream in the glass, brass and copper pipes showed that the coefficient C is constant in any case, and nearly equals 1.00 (C=1.00±0.02≅1), when u₀≥120cm/sec.

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The power required for the operation of cylindrical equipments rotating at low speed may be considered as consisting of the following four kinds.
(1) Power absorbed in turning over the charge of granular materials in the cylinder.
-The horse power to turn over the charge of granular materials in the cylinder is given by the following formula:
where D=inside diameter of cylinder, m.
L=length of cylinder, m.
S_p=specific gravity of materials.
n=rate of rotation, rpm.
α=natural angle of repose of materials.
c₁, c₂=coefficient of fullness.
(2) The power required for driving the cylinder. (including gear, tire, etc.)
-The horsepower to drive the cylinder is given by the following formula:
where M=weight of cylinder, ton.
D_m=mean diameter of cylinder, m.
(3) Friction losses at the supporter of the cylinder.
-The horsepower to make up the friction loss caused in the operation of the cylindrical equipments is given by the following formula:
In case the cylinder is supported by horizontal or vertical rollers.
In case the cylinder is supported by turnion hearings.
where X=coefficent depending upon shapes of supporter.
D_T=diameter of tires, m.
D_R=diameter of rollers, m.
D₁=diameter of shaft in bearings, m.
μ=cofficient of friction at surface of bearings.
μ'=coefficient of friction between tires and rollers.
(4) Power absorbed in the reduction stages.
-It is usual, in a case like this, to suppose that a certain percentage of the total horsepowerconsumed for the operation is lost in each stage of reduction.
It can theoretically be said that when we add (1), (2), and (3), we get the approximate horse power required for driving the cylindrical equipment. But, in order to cover the small friction loss and allow some reserve for the motor, it is necessary to allocate some more power in addition to the power calculated above, as follows:
where η=total efficiency of reduction unit.

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We measured the inner flow of a cyclone, and from the results, computed the size of the separated powder of a given density when the cyclone was driven at a constant rate.
Comparing the experimental results with those computed, we found that there was a close similarity between them. At the same time we found that the limiting size of the powder which is separable was not determined, but a part of the powder whose size belongs to some range, and the powder whose size is larger than that were caught.
Hence, we propose the "Characteristic Curve of separation" in order to represent the separation of powder by a cyclone.

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Experiments were made with ion-exchanger "Dia-ion K" for water softening. The method described is intended to explain Ca-distribution curve in resin layer, and the experimental equation (11) is given to show the relation of exchange-zone height h^0.9_0.1 velocity V and hardness of raw water c₀.
(11)
Changing upper and lower limits of cxchange-zone and defining p=h^1-n_n/h^0.9_0.1, the relation between n and p is plotted in Fig. 6, and is expressed in eq. (10).
(10)
Eq. (11) and eq. (10) are available for design of water softening apparatus.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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