Sports accidents may often arise as a result of defective sporting goods. There is a considerable possibility of accidents occurring in baseball, since is a sport which employs a wide range of sporting goods. The Japan High School Baseball Federation (JHBF) has tried to improve baseball goods in order to prevent accidents. Manufacturers too need to share responsibility for defective goods. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between sporting goods and sports accidents. Firstly, we elucidated some distinguishing characteristics of accidents happening during high school baseball club activities. Then, we examined the different countermeasures employed to prevent such accidents, as developed by the JHBF in recent years. Finally, we analyzed the important points that must be considered in relation to the Product Liability Law, with regard to such baseball goods as pitching machines, iron bats, gear for batting practice pitchers, nets, and balls.

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We have developed a system by which the force on a sled can be measured, using the computer graphics of the Nagano Olympic luge course. In the luge run, the athletes add their shoulder and leg forces to the sled to control the running course. It is considered that the ideal force exertion must take into account, for example, the forces of the right shoulder and left leg when running a right curve. Accordingly, when the force exceeded a threshold level which was defined by a certain formula, we named it H. On the contrary, when force was under the level, it was determined as L. In this way, HL...patterns were made. Then, comparing with the ideal force, we can examine the matched rate. Applying this method, we found that the higher level athletes rates were greater than the lowers.

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This paper considers the influence of distance on participation rates of fitness clubs, using GIS analysis method. The facilities studied were eight fitness clubs located in residential districts near railway stations in the Tokyo and Kansai areas. The findings of the analyses are summarized as follows1) Slant distance could be used as "gdistance", in comparison with road distance.2) The logarithmic relationship between distance and the participation rate was observed.3) Distance could explain most of the total variance for the participation rate.4) By dividing the study area for each club into four equal areas in accordance with direction, distance could further explain the variance.

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This paper presents a method to estimate and predict the numbers of participants in sports and recreational activities incorporating the results of cohort analysis of paticipation rates with predicted population sizes. The effects of age, period, and cohort on participation are estimated from data classified by age group and survey period using the Bayesian logit cohort model which successfully overcomes the identification problem in cohort analysis. Based on a scenario concerning future period and cohort effects and keeping the estimated age and cohort effects constant, the participation rates and then the numbers of participants are predicted incorporating with future population sizes. The method is illustrated by predicting the numbers of participants in golf in Japan. Although the predicted numbers mainly depend on the future period effects set up, the proposed method can separately consider the influences of the factors of change in participation and the trends in population size.

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This study builds on our earlier study which discussed problems associated with the use of the Japanese version of IP(Involvement Profile). Based upon Dimanche's IP, a new Japanese IP consisting of 25 items was developed and tested for its use in assessing leisure fishing involvement. Specific objectives that guided this study were: to apply the new IP instrument to a resource-based sporting activity-leisure fishing; to test the reliability of subscales of the IP; and to examine the construct validity of the IP scale . The IP scale consisted of 5 dimensions IMPORTANCE, PLEASURE, SIGN, RISK CONSEQUENCE and RISK PROBABILITY. Each of these dimensions was assessed through 5 item questions of which 3 were based on Dimanche'fs. Data were collected from the fishermen who participated in the'eChurui River Salmon Fishing 2001'fprogram held in the northeastern part of Hokkaido. A total of 289 usable questionnaires were obtained and processed for analysis. Major results include:(1) With the new IP scale, 3 out of 5 subscales successfully met the standard criteria of internal consistency. Those were IMPORTANCE, PLEASURE, and RISK CONSEQUENCE facets.(2) Factor analysis of the IP scales revealed 4 identifiable factors: IMPORTANCE-PLEASURE, RISK CONSEQUENCE, SIGN and RISK PROBABILITY . They were consistent with those reported in other IP studies in leisure and sport literature. The results of our study suggest that the new IP possesses the hypothesized multidimensionality and is applicable to resource-based leisure activities such as fishing, Study limitations and implications for future research are also discussed.

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