The purpose of this study is to survey the evolution of société sportive(SS) system in the Fundamental Sports Act of France and to analyze the background. At first, the form of société d'économie mixte locale(SEML) has been provided by the Fundamental Sports Act of 1975. In case association sportive(AS) emploies professional athletes, it has been admitted to adopt the form of SEML. Secondly, the form of société à objet sportif(SOS) has been provided by the Fundamental Sports Act of 1984. In case AS participates in the organization of pay sports event and emploies professional athletes above a fixed amount, it should have adopted the form of SOS or SEML. Finally, the form of association à statuts adaptés(ASA), including these two forms, has been provided by the Amendment Act of 1987, because the greater part of AS had desired the form of AS. The background of this system is as follows:1) It was necessary to control the economic activities of AS, to promote the reasonable management and to prevent the financial difficulties or injustice.2) It was necessary to have special sports law, because the defect of law about the economic activities of AS in the Act of 1901 had been exposed by the development of professional sports and sports economy.3) The legal system of economic activities of AS has had both SOS or SEML as SS and ASA as AS in the Amendment Act of 1987, because it is difficult to classify types of juridical person as profit to nonprofit. This system has not been completed yet. However, it is innovative that special sports law provid the economic activities of sports corporation.

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The effect of underwater exercise on bone mineral content and mechanical property was investigated. Water polo athletes and young rats were used for these studies. Mechanical tests were done for tibial bone.Following results were obtained.1.Bone density of the female water polo athletes, total or lumbar, was significantly higher than control group.2.Bone density and fracture load, stiffness, tanδ were, in average, larger for the swimming rats than for the control group. This tendency was also seen in 58 weeks group.3.It was found that even underwater exercise promoted the increase of bone density and strength.

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Athletic performance in javelin throw is affected by various characteristics of the javelin. In this paper, four different types of javelins are investigated using the technique of modal analysis, and are thrown by eight javelin throwers. The effect of dynamic characteristics of the javelin on the athletic performance is discussed. There are no differences in the static characteristics among the four javelins, but their dynamic characteristics are different in the resonant frequency, the dynamic compliance, the logarithmic decrement and the moment of inertia. It was found that the dynamic characteristics of the javelin affected the athletic performance in javelin throw. The rate of influence in terms of the thrown distance is about two to three percent.

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Online-measurement of sports motion and the online-biofeedback are an attractive technology for sports training. A new online compact sensor that detects only the vertical sports motion even if the motion includes horizontal movement was presented in our paper. This paper investigates the effects of dynamic pressure due to human movement in detail and describes how to develop the accurate up/down sensor. Validity of the sensor was examined by detecting the up/down speed of sports motions.

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The purpose of this paper is to consider the sports industries of Japan in the end of the nineteenth century by analysing the advertisements printed in sports magazines: the Bunbusoshi(November, 1894 - March, 1899) and the Undokai(July, 1897 - March, 1900). The following became clear : 1)Four types of industries were recognized: one which manufactured and sold both military gymnastics apparatus and sports goods, one which made and sold medals and trophies, one which initiated a school for teaching bicycling, and several which published books about sports. 2)The leading sports industries derived from those which dealt with commodities for schools.

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