Geopathological studies on endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) in western Kenya were performed, and revealed that KS and BL had relatively same geographical and ethnical distribution. The western region of Kenya stands almost exactly astride the equator. It accounts for almost one third of the whole country in area and about one half in population. Western Kenya is composed of three provinces; Nyanza Province, Western Province and Rift Valley Province. Out of 25, 343 surgical pathological specimens at provincial hospitals in Nyanza, Western and Rift Valley for 8 years during 1979 to 1986, 124 and 135 cases were histologically diagnosed as KS and BL respectively. Frequency in all malignant tumors was 2.92% (KS) and 3.18% (BL). The high incidence of KS was found between the age of 50 and 59, while all BL cases were found under 22 years. The male to female ratio was 8.4 : 1.0 in KS and 1.2 : 1.0 in BL. The incidence of KS and BL per 100, 000 population in each province is as follows : a) 2.12 (KS) and 3.54 (BL) in Nyanza Province, b) 1.80 (KS) and 1.20 (BL) in Western Province, and c) 1.11 (KS) and 0.68 (BL) in Rift Valley Province. Nyanza Province and Western Province are tropical savannah areas, whereas Rift Valley Province is a tropical highland. The incidence of KS and BL per 100, 000 population among main ethnic groups in western Kenya is as follows : the Luo, the main inhabitants of Nyanza Province around Lake Victoria, showed the highest incidence of KS (2.56) and BL (4.35), followed by the Luhya, the main inhabitants of Western Province, the Kalenjin, the inhabitants of the tropical highland in Rift Valley Province, and the Kisii, the inhabitants of highland area of Nyanza Province. The Luo are descended from the Nilotic groups and the Luhya belong to the Bantu. No case of KS and only a few cases of BL were found among the inhabitants of desert or semi-desert areas. No other tumors showed above mentioned characteristics. The geographical and ethnical coincidence of KS and BL was more clear in the child population than in the adult. These results suggest that there is a geographical coincidence of KS and BL based on same etiological cofactors including high temperature, high humidity, unknown transmissible agents, and probably genetic factors and life styles. This was mainly demonstrated in Nyanza Province around Lake Victoria in western Kenya.

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A survey of parasites among the chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, imported from Africa as laboratory animals was undertaken by means of fecal examinations (HE staining method of direct smear, Tween 80 citric acid ether sedimentation procedure and filter-paper cultivation technique), blood smear technique and skin-snip method.
As a result, ova or larvae of 4 helminthic species (Strongyloides fuelleborni, Enterobius sp., Trichuris trichiura and a strongylid-nematode) and cysts or trophozoites of 10 protozoal species (Chilomastix mesnili, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, E. coli, E. hartmanni, E. polecki, E. sp., Iodamoeba buetschlii, Endolimax nana and Balantidium coli) were found in stool, and microfilariae of 3 filarial species (Dipetalonema perstans, D. streptocerca and D. rodhaini) were recovered from blood or skin-snips.
The fact was also shown that positiveness of helminthic ova and microfilariae in chimpanzees has a tendency to decrease when they are bred in laboratories, but that of protozoa is 83.3% even after the breeding of 6 to 7 years.
These parasites are important as the causative agents of sickness in chimpanzees. They are also, especially Strongyloides fuelleborni and Entamoeba histolytica from the primate, very important as causative agents of human sickness.
We think it is necessary to eradicate these parasites from chimpanzees bred in human society, because they are zoonotic pathogens and very dangerous to humans.

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The management of acute malaria consists of chemotherapy to destroy asexual forms of malaria parasites, and amelioration of the pathophysiologic changes to restore the normal function of all organs. In choosing appropriate drug for the treatment of malaria, the sensitivity of the parasites to the drug must be considered. The regimen recommended are as follows : 1) in areas where P. falciparum is sensitive to 4-aminoquinolines, for the non-immunes without complications, chloroquine or amodiaquine 300 mg base t.i.d. on the first day then once daily for 2-4 days; for semi-immunes, chloroquine or amodiaquine 600mg base single dose. 2) in 4-aminoquinoline resistant areas but sensitive to antifol/sulfa combinations, sulfadoxine or sulfalene 1, 500mg plus pyrimeth-amine 75mg single dose (Fansidar or Metakelfin 3 tab.); for non-immunes without complications, quinine or quinidine 600mg every 8 hr for 2-3 days will accelerate the clearance of fever and parasitaemia. 3) in areas with resistance to both 4-aminoquinolines and antifol/sulfa combinations, quinine or quinidine 600mg every 8 hr for 7 days. 4) in areas with resistance to 4-aminoquinolines, antifol/sulfa combinations and quinine
4.1 quinine 600mg every 8 hr plus tetracycline 250mg b. i. d. for 500mg b. i. d. for 7 days.
4.2 mefloquine 750-1, 000mg single dose.
4.3 MSP (mefloquine 250mg, sulfadoxine 500mg + pyrimethamine 25mg) 3 tablets single dose;
in areas with natural transmission of malaria, primaquine 30-45mg single dose to eradicate gametocytes and interrupt transmission.
Severe malaria
If the patients is seriously ill or has over 5% parasitaemia chloroquine or quinine should be given paresterally as follows : -
chloroquine 2.5mg/kg subcutaneously or intramuscularly every 4 hr or 3.5mg/kg every 6 hr or continuous intravenous of 10mg/kg in 8 hr followed by 5mg/kg in 8 hr then 2 doses of 5mg/kg every 12 hr to a total dose of 25mg/kg.
quinine hydrochloride 20mg/kg in 500 ml/ of 5% dextrose or normal saline solution intraveneous drip in 4 hr followed by 10mg/kg every 8 hr until oral therapy can be administered. A total dose for an adult weighing 60 kg is 13, 000mg in 7 days.
Complications or pathophysiologic changes e. g. coma, convulsions, hypoglycaemia, hyperpyrexia, anaemia, dehydration, renal failure, pulmonary oedema, jaundice, electrolytes and acid-base disturbances etc. must be corrected by effective measures.
Steroids, mannitol, dextran, heparin and adrenaline are not recommended as they seem to do more harm than good.
Vivax malaria
Chloroquine 600 mg single dose or 300 mg twice 6 hr apart followed by primaquine 15 mg daily for 14 days.
Ovale malaria
Chloroquine 600 mg, followed by 300 mg after 6 hr then 300 mg daily for 2 days and primaquine as in vivax malaria.
Malariae malaria
Chloroquine as in ovale malaria.

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